White Rose Research Online
(13.398 recursos)
Este es el repositorio institucional de tres universidades del Reino Unido (York, Leeds y Sheffield), creado con el apoyo de SHERPA. Proporciona acceso a los artículos de investigación de las instituciones.
Mostrando recursos 1 - 20 de 636
1.
Values of Travel Time Savings UK - Mackie, P.J.; Wardman, M.; Fowkes, A.S.; Whelan, G.; Nellthorp, J.; Bates, J.
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES
Values of time for use in modelling and appraisal are informed by three sets of considerations - evidence, policy, and practicality. The evidence may be theoretical or empirical in nature: while in some cases values of travel time savings (VTTS) can be derived on the basis of theoretical reasoning, it is more often the case that theory alone gives no guide to the relevant VTTS, and a mix of theoretical and empirical approaches is required. In relation to policy, Governments may choose to apply VTTS in particular ways for the evaluation of public projects. The outstandig example in...
2.
The Characteristics of European Passenger Travel Demand - Wardman, M.
This paper reviews available evidence to provide an account of historical trends and existing travel characteristics in the European long distance travel market of which international travel is of particular importance. A number of sources of information are used, particularly with regard to the extent of international trip making and its modal and journey purpose features, with the aim of obtaining the most appropriate figures with which to represent European international travel in general. The purpose of the research was to provide information for other aspects of a study examining the social and economic impacts of a European High Speed...
3.
The Interaction Between Route Guidance and Signal
Control: Development of a Multiple User Class Model. - van Vuren, T.
This Working Paper describes the development of a simulation model for route
guidance, based on the principle of multiple user class assignment. The model
calculates separate routes for guided and unguided drivers in full interaction with
each other, assuming user equilibrium, system optimum and stochastic user
equilibrium routing for each of the classes. As the model is equilibrium-based, it is
most appropriate for the assessment of the long-term behaviour of route guidance
systems. Conditions are derived under which the solution to the multiple user class
assignment problem in a route guidance context is unique. The paper is finished
with a literature overview of previous route guidance model work.
4.
Assessing the Value of
Time Travel Savings A Feasibility Study on Humberside. - Gunn, H.F.; Mackie, P.J.; Ortuzar, J. de D.
It is expected that the opening of the Humber Bridge
will cause major changes to travel patterns around Humberside;
given the level of tolls as currently stated, many travellers
will face decisions involving a trade-off between travel time,
money outlay on tolls or fares and money outlay on private
vehicle running costs; this either in the context of
destination choice, mode choice or route choice.
This report sets out the conclusions of a preliminary
study of the feasibility of inferring values of travel time
savings from observations made on the outcomes of these
decisions. Methods based on aggregate data of destination
choice are found t o be inefficient; a disaggregate mode
choice...
5.
Estimation of an O-D Matrix from Traffic Counts A
Review. - Willumsen, L.G.
Following a review of conventional methods,for estimating a
trip matrix,the possibility of using cheaper methods based on traffic
counts is discussed. Three broad groups of models for such estimation
have been identified. The first one assumes that trips follow a gravity
type pattern and the problem is reduced to calibrating the parameters
of such a model from the observed counts. Depending on the assumed
form of the gravity model this technique leads to linear or non-linear
regression solutions.
The second group of models attempts to estimate the 0-D matrix
through a network equilibrium approach based on Wardrop's first principle.
The third group follows an entropy maximising approach in which the...
6.
Road User Charging Pricing Structures. - Bonsall, P.; Shires, J.; Matthews, B.; Maule, J.; Beale, J.
This project considers the extent to which the public could cope with complex price or tariff structures such as those that might be considered in the context of a national congestion pricing scheme. The key elements of the brief were:
to review existing studies of road pricing schemes to assess what information and evidence already exists on the key issues;
to identify what can be learned about pricing structures from other transport modes and other industries and in particular what issues and conclusions might be transferable;
to improve the general understanding of the relationship between information and peoples ability to...
7.
The Identification of Mistakes in Road Accident Records Part Two. - Austin, K.P.
It has been acknowledged that there are many mistakes in the casualty variables on the police accident report forms. This study shows how a computer based linkage of police and hospital records can be used to routinely identify the mistakes for the variables of casualty age, gender and severity. The level of omissions and mis-identifications were 0.4 per cent for gender, 13.3 per cent for severity and 15.7 per cent for age. The number of records that had age omitted or coded incorrectly were not significantly greater for seriously injured casualties than for those that were slightly injured. The system...
8.
Location and Commuting Project Preliminary
Analysis of the Pilot Survey in a Central London Company. - Johnson, I; Mackett, R.L.
This paper contains preliminary analysis of the data collected during the pilot survey of a Central London company for the Location and Commuting Project. Self-completion questionnaires were distributed to all members of the staff to gather information about their residential and employment histories, together with facts about their characteristics, journey to work trips and the extent to which financial assistance was available to them to help with the cost of housing and travel.
A description of the characteristics of the respondents and their journey to work patterns is followed by analysis of residential and workplace mobility.
Age is found to be an...
9.
Work Journey Rescheduling: Results and Conclusions. - May, A.D.; Montgomery, F.O.
An assessment was made of the effects of changes in working hours on traffic conditions in the city centre of Wakefield. The study used survey data arid modelling techniques which are described fully elsewhere, and summarised in section 2 of this report. This report concentrates on the results of the study and the conclusions to be drawn from them.
Assessments were made of traffic conditions had the current level of flexible and staggered hours operation not been introduced, and as the result of four different levels of increased rescheduling of work journeys. In all cases, results were presented in terms...
10.
In what circumstances is investment in High Speed Rail worthwhile? - de Rus, Ginés; Nash, Chris
INTRODUCTION
By High Speed Rail (HSR) we normally mean rail technologies capable of speeds of the order of 300km ph on new dedicated track. Such systems offer journey times that are more competitive with other modes, and particularly air, than traditional train services, and very high capacity. But their capital cost is also high. The proposals of the European Commission for the Trans European Transport Network (TEN-T) envisage expenditure of 600b euros, of which 250b euros is for priority projects, and a large part of this expenditure is for high speed rail. Thus it is extremely important to have a robust...
11.
A systematic review and economic evaluation of alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, raloxifene and teriparatide for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis - Stevenson, M.; Lloyd Jones, M.; De Nigris, E.; Brewer, N.; Davis, S.; Oakley, J.
Objectives: To establish the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of selective oestrogen receptor modulators, bisphosphonates and parathyroid hormone (subject to licensing) for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and the prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women.
Data sources: Electronic databases.
Review methods: Studies that met the reviews entry criteria were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analyses provided that they reported fracture incidence in terms of the number of patients suffering fractures. Meta-analysis was carried out using the random-effects model. A model was constructed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of osteoporosis interventions. The model calculated the number of fractures that occurred and provided the...
12.
Clinical and cost-effectiveness of new and emerging technologies for early localised prostate cancer: a systematic review - Hummel, S.; Paisley, S.; Morgan, A.; Currie, E.; Brewer, N.
Objectives:
To evaluate the clinical and costeffectiveness
of new and emerging technologies for
early, localised prostate cancer.
Data sources:
Electronic databases, reference lists of
relevant articles and various health services researchrelated
resources.
Review methods:
A list of new and emerging
technologies was identified and agreed. A systematic
review was undertaken and selected studies were
reviewed against a set of criteria. An economic
model was developed and used to compare the
specified newer treatments with the traditional
approaches.
Results:
For neoadjuvant hormonal therapy, no
evidence of benefit was seen in terms of biochemical
disease-free survival. For adjuvant hormonal therapy,
there was no evidence of benefit in terms of survival,
but some conflicting evidence that higher risk patients
may benefit....
13.
Clinical and cost-effectiveness of capecitabine and tegafur with uracil for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: systematic review and economic evaluation - Ward, S.; Kaltenthaler, E.; Cowan, J.; Brewer, N.
Objectives:
To evaluate the clinical and costeffectiveness
of capecitabine and tegafur with uracil
(UFT/LV) as first-line treatments for patients with
metastatic colorectal cancer, as compared with 5-
fluorouracil/folinic acid (5-FU/FA) regimens.
Data sources: Electronic databases, reference lists of
relevant articles and sponsor submissions were also
consulted.
Review methods:
Systematic searches, selection
against criteria and quality assessment were performed
to obtain data from relevant studies. Costs were
estimated through resource-use data taken from the
published trials and the unpublished sponsor
submissions. Unit costs were taken from published
sources, where available. An economic evaluation was
undertaken to compare the cost-effectiveness of
capecitabine and UFT/LV with three intravenous 5-
FU/LV regimens widely used in the UK: the Mayo, the
modified de...
14.
The clinical and cost effectiveness of pulsatile machine perfusion vs. cold storage of kidneys for transplantation retrieved from heart-beating and non-heart-beating donors - Wight, J.; Chilcott, J.; Holmes, M.; Brewer, N.
Objectives:
To evaluate the clinical and costeffectiveness
of machine perfusion (MP) compared
to cold storage (CS), as a means of preserving kidneys
prior to transplantation. Transplantation of kidneys
from both heart-beating donors (HBDs) and non-heartbeating
donors (NHBDs) is considered. Finally to
review whether the use of MP can allow valid testing of
kidney viability prior to transplantation.
Data sources:
Fifteen electronic bibliographic
databases were searched. The reference lists of
relevant articles and sponsor submissions were hand
searched and various health service research-related
resources were consulted via the Internet.
Review methods:
A literature search was undertaken
to identify relevant studies and a meta-analysis
performed on the studies that had appropriate
comparator groups and reported sufficient data. A
structured...
15.
The role of modelling in prioritising and planning clinical trials - Chilcott, J.; Brennan, A.; Booth, A.; Karnon, J.; Tappenden, P.
Objectives: To identify the role of modelling in
planning and prioritising trials. The review focuses on
modelling methods used in the construction of disease
models and on methods for their analysis and
interpretation.
Data sources: Searches were initially developed
in MEDLINE and then translated into other
databases.
Review methods: Systematic reviews of the
methodological and case study literature were
undertaken. Search strategies focused on the
intersection between three domains: modelling, health
technology assessment and prioritisation.
Results: The review found that modelling can extend
the validity of trials by: generalising from trial
populations to specific target groups; generalising to
other settings and countries; extrapolating trial
outcomes to the longer term; linking intermediate
outcome measures to final outcomes; extending
analysis to...
16.
The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of ultrasound locating devices for central venous access: a systematic review and economic evaluation - Calvert, N.; Hind, D.; McWilliams, R.G.; Thomas, S.M.; Beverley, C.; Davidson, A.
Background:
Approximately 200,000 central venous access
(CVA) procedures are performed annually in
the NHS.
CVA has traditionally been achieved by the
landmark method of passing the needle along
the anticipated line of the relevant vein using
surface anatomical landmarks and the expected
relationship of the vein to its palpable companion
artery. While experienced operators can achieve
relatively high success rates with the landmark
method with few complications, such as arterial
puncture and pneumothorax, failure rates in
the literature have been reported to be as high
as 35%.
The experience of radiologists suggests that CVA
can be achieved quickly, with low failure and
complication rates, using ultrasonic locating
devices (ULD). There are two types: ultrasound
(US) probes generating a two-dimensional...
17.
A review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of routine anti-D prophylaxis for pregnant women who are rhesus-negative - Chilcott, J.; Lloyd Jones, M.; Wight, J.; Forman, K.; Wray, J.; Beverley, C.; Tappenden, P.
Background:
Haemolytic disease of the newborn affects
the fetus or neonate, and results from the
transplacental passage of maternal allo-antibodies
directed against fetal red cell antigens inherited
from the father. Over 90% of all cases of clinically
significant haemolytic disease of the newborn
affect rhesus D (RhD)-positive infants born to
RhD-negative mothers. The mothers usually
make the anti-D antibody following a small fetomaternal
haemorrhage at delivery of the first
RhD-positive infant. This does not harm that
infant, but successive RhD-positive infants are
then progressively more affected by haemolytic
disease of the newborn.
Prophylactic anti-D, whether antenatal or postpartum,
can only suppress primary RhD immunisation;
it has no effect in women who have already
developed anti-D, however weak....
18.
A systematic review and economic evaluation of computerised cognitive behaviour therapy for depression and anxiety - Kaltenthaler, E.; Shackley, P.; Stevens, K.; Beverley, C.; Parry, G.; Chilcott, J.
Background:
Most patients suffering from depression,
anxiety and phobias are treated within the
primary care setting, although many patients
do not seek help or their condition is not recognised
by healthcare professionals. Medication
is usually the first treatment offered but this
is often associated with side-effects. There is
substantial evidence to support the use of cognitive
behaviour therapy (CBT) in the treatment
of these disorders. However, access is limited
due to too few therapists, expense, waiting lists,
and patients reluctance to enter therapy. Computerised
cognitive behaviour therapy (CCBT)
is a self-help option that offers patients the
potential benefits of CBT with less
therapist involvement.
Objective:
The overall aim of the review was to assess
the clinical effectiveness of CCBT...
19.
A review of the natural history and epidemiology of multiple sclerosis: implications for resource allocation and health economic models - Richards, R.G.; Simpson, F.C.; Beard, S.M.; Tappenden, P.
Background:
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive
degenerative disease of the CNS with a pattern
of symptoms that depends on the type of disease
and the site of lesions. As damage accumulates,
symptoms become more permanent and progressive
disability ensues. MS is a disease characterised
by wide variations between patients and for
the individual over time, thus making
categorisation difficult.
MS has a significant impact on the quality of life
(QoL) for most patients over many years, with the
disease lasting, on average, 30 years. The disease is
twice as common in women than in men, and is at
its peak in the most economically productive years
of life.
In order to plan for the social...
20.
Treatments for spasticity and pain in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review - Beard, S.M.; Hunn, A.; Wight, J.
Objectives:
To identify the drug treatments currently
available for the management of spasticity and pain in
multiple sclerosis (MS), and to evaluate their clinical and
cost-effectiveness.
Data sources:
Electronic bibliographic databases,
National Research Register, MRC Clinical Trials Register
and the US National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials
Register.
Review methods:
Systematic searches identified 15
interventions for the treatment of spasticity and 15
interventions for treatment of pain. The quality and
outcomes of the studies were evaluated. Reviews of
the treatment of spasticity and pain when due to other
aetiologies were also sought.
Results:
There is limited evidence of the effectiveness
of four oral drugs for spasticity: baclofen, dantrolene,
diazepam and tizanidine. Tizanidine appears to be no
more...
1.
