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White Rose Research Online (13.398 recursos)
Este es el repositorio institucional de tres universidades del Reino Unido (York, Leeds y Sheffield), creado con el apoyo de SHERPA. Proporciona acceso a los artículos de investigación de las instituciones.

Mostrando recursos 1 - 20 de 636

1. Values of Travel Time Savings UK - Mackie, P.J.; Wardman, M.; Fowkes, A.S.; Whelan, G.; Nellthorp, J.; Bates, J.
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Values of time for use in modelling and appraisal are informed by three sets of considerations - evidence, policy, and practicality. The evidence may be theoretical or empirical in nature: while in some cases values of travel time savings (VTTS) can be derived on the basis of theoretical reasoning, it is more often the case that theory alone gives no guide to the relevant VTTS, and a mix of theoretical and empirical approaches is required. In relation to policy, Governments may choose to apply VTTS in particular ways for the evaluation of public projects. The outstandig example in...

2. The Characteristics of European Passenger Travel Demand - Wardman, M.
This paper reviews available evidence to provide an account of historical trends and existing travel characteristics in the European long distance travel market of which international travel is of particular importance. A number of sources of information are used, particularly with regard to the extent of international trip making and its modal and journey purpose features, with the aim of obtaining the most appropriate figures with which to represent European international travel in general. The purpose of the research was to provide information for other aspects of a study examining the social and economic impacts of a European High Speed...

3. The Interaction Between Route Guidance and Signal Control: Development of a Multiple User Class Model. - van Vuren, T.
This Working Paper describes the development of a simulation model for route guidance, based on the principle of multiple user class assignment. The model calculates separate routes for guided and unguided drivers in full interaction with each other, assuming user equilibrium, system optimum and stochastic user equilibrium routing for each of the classes. As the model is equilibrium-based, it is most appropriate for the assessment of the long-term behaviour of route guidance systems. Conditions are derived under which the solution to the multiple user class assignment problem in a route guidance context is unique. The paper is finished with a literature overview of previous route guidance model work.

4. Assessing the Value of Time Travel Savings – A Feasibility Study on Humberside. - Gunn, H.F.; Mackie, P.J.; Ortuzar, J. de D.
It is expected that the opening of the Humber Bridge will cause major changes to travel patterns around Humberside; given the level of tolls as currently stated, many travellers will face decisions involving a trade-off between travel time, money outlay on tolls or fares and money outlay on private vehicle running costs; this either in the context of destination choice, mode choice or route choice. This report sets out the conclusions of a preliminary study of the feasibility of inferring values of travel time savings from observations made on the outcomes of these decisions. Methods based on aggregate data of destination choice are found t o be inefficient; a disaggregate mode choice...

5. Estimation of an O-D Matrix from Traffic Counts – A Review. - Willumsen, L.G.
Following a review of conventional methods,for estimating a trip matrix,the possibility of using cheaper methods based on traffic counts is discussed. Three broad groups of models for such estimation have been identified. The first one assumes that trips follow a gravity type pattern and the problem is reduced to calibrating the parameters of such a model from the observed counts. Depending on the assumed form of the gravity model this technique leads to linear or non-linear regression solutions. The second group of models attempts to estimate the 0-D matrix through a network equilibrium approach based on Wardrop's first principle. The third group follows an entropy maximising approach in which the...

6. Road User Charging – Pricing Structures. - Bonsall, P.; Shires, J.; Matthews, B.; Maule, J.; Beale, J.
This project considers the extent to which the public could cope with complex price or tariff structures such as those that might be considered in the context of a national congestion pricing scheme. The key elements of the brief were: • to review existing studies of road pricing schemes to assess what information and evidence already exists on the key issues; • to identify what can be learned about pricing structures from other transport modes and other industries and in particular what issues and conclusions might be transferable; • to improve the general understanding of the relationship between information and people’s ability to...

7. The Identification of Mistakes in Road Accident Records – Part Two. - Austin, K.P.
It has been acknowledged that there are many mistakes in the casualty variables on the police accident report forms. This study shows how a computer based linkage of police and hospital records can be used to routinely identify the mistakes for the variables of casualty age, gender and severity. The level of omissions and mis-identifications were 0.4 per cent for gender, 13.3 per cent for severity and 15.7 per cent for age. The number of records that had age omitted or coded incorrectly were not significantly greater for seriously injured casualties than for those that were slightly injured. The system...

8. Location and Commuting Project – Preliminary Analysis of the Pilot Survey in a Central London Company. - Johnson, I; Mackett, R.L.
This paper contains preliminary analysis of the data collected during the pilot survey of a Central London company for the Location and Commuting Project. Self-completion questionnaires were distributed to all members of the staff to gather information about their residential and employment histories, together with facts about their characteristics, journey to work trips and the extent to which financial assistance was available to them to help with the cost of housing and travel. A description of the characteristics of the respondents and their journey to work patterns is followed by analysis of residential and workplace mobility. Age is found to be an...

9. Work Journey Rescheduling: Results and Conclusions. - May, A.D.; Montgomery, F.O.
An assessment was made of the effects of changes in working hours on traffic conditions in the city centre of Wakefield. The study used survey data arid modelling techniques which are described fully elsewhere, and summarised in section 2 of this report. This report concentrates on the results of the study and the conclusions to be drawn from them. Assessments were made of traffic conditions had the current level of flexible and staggered hours operation not been introduced, and as the result of four different levels of increased rescheduling of work journeys. In all cases, results were presented in terms...

10. In what circumstances is investment in High Speed Rail worthwhile? - de Rus, Ginés; Nash, Chris
INTRODUCTION By High Speed Rail (HSR) we normally mean rail technologies capable of speeds of the order of 300km ph on new dedicated track. Such systems offer journey times that are more competitive with other modes, and particularly air, than traditional train services, and very high capacity. But their capital cost is also high. The proposals of the European Commission for the Trans European Transport Network (TEN-T) envisage expenditure of 600b euros, of which 250b euros is for priority projects, and a large part of this expenditure is for high speed rail. Thus it is extremely important to have a robust...

11. A systematic review and economic evaluation of alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, raloxifene and teriparatide for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis - Stevenson, M.; Lloyd Jones, M.; De Nigris, E.; Brewer, N.; Davis, S.; Oakley, J.
Objectives: To establish the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of selective oestrogen receptor modulators, bisphosphonates and parathyroid hormone (subject to licensing) for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and the prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Data sources: Electronic databases. Review methods: Studies that met the review’s entry criteria were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analyses provided that they reported fracture incidence in terms of the number of patients suffering fractures. Meta-analysis was carried out using the random-effects model. A model was constructed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of osteoporosis interventions. The model calculated the number of fractures that occurred and provided the...

12. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of new and emerging technologies for early localised prostate cancer: a systematic review - Hummel, S.; Paisley, S.; Morgan, A.; Currie, E.; Brewer, N.
Objectives: To evaluate the clinical and costeffectiveness of new and emerging technologies for early, localised prostate cancer. Data sources: Electronic databases, reference lists of relevant articles and various health services researchrelated resources. Review methods: A list of new and emerging technologies was identified and agreed. A systematic review was undertaken and selected studies were reviewed against a set of criteria. An economic model was developed and used to compare the specified newer treatments with the traditional approaches. Results: For neoadjuvant hormonal therapy, no evidence of benefit was seen in terms of biochemical disease-free survival. For adjuvant hormonal therapy, there was no evidence of benefit in terms of survival, but some conflicting evidence that higher risk patients may benefit....

13. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of capecitabine and tegafur with uracil for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: systematic review and economic evaluation - Ward, S.; Kaltenthaler, E.; Cowan, J.; Brewer, N.
Objectives: To evaluate the clinical and costeffectiveness of capecitabine and tegafur with uracil (UFT/LV) as first-line treatments for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, as compared with 5- fluorouracil/folinic acid (5-FU/FA) regimens. Data sources: Electronic databases, reference lists of relevant articles and sponsor submissions were also consulted. Review methods: Systematic searches, selection against criteria and quality assessment were performed to obtain data from relevant studies. Costs were estimated through resource-use data taken from the published trials and the unpublished sponsor submissions. Unit costs were taken from published sources, where available. An economic evaluation was undertaken to compare the cost-effectiveness of capecitabine and UFT/LV with three intravenous 5- FU/LV regimens widely used in the UK: the Mayo, the modified de...

14. The clinical and cost effectiveness of pulsatile machine perfusion vs. cold storage of kidneys for transplantation retrieved from heart-beating and non-heart-beating donors - Wight, J.; Chilcott, J.; Holmes, M.; Brewer, N.
Objectives: To evaluate the clinical and costeffectiveness of machine perfusion (MP) compared to cold storage (CS), as a means of preserving kidneys prior to transplantation. Transplantation of kidneys from both heart-beating donors (HBDs) and non-heartbeating donors (NHBDs) is considered. Finally to review whether the use of MP can allow valid testing of kidney viability prior to transplantation. Data sources: Fifteen electronic bibliographic databases were searched. The reference lists of relevant articles and sponsor submissions were hand searched and various health service research-related resources were consulted via the Internet. Review methods: A literature search was undertaken to identify relevant studies and a meta-analysis performed on the studies that had appropriate comparator groups and reported sufficient data. A structured...

15. The role of modelling in prioritising and planning clinical trials - Chilcott, J.; Brennan, A.; Booth, A.; Karnon, J.; Tappenden, P.
Objectives: To identify the role of modelling in planning and prioritising trials. The review focuses on modelling methods used in the construction of disease models and on methods for their analysis and interpretation. Data sources: Searches were initially developed in MEDLINE and then translated into other databases. Review methods: Systematic reviews of the methodological and case study literature were undertaken. Search strategies focused on the intersection between three domains: modelling, health technology assessment and prioritisation. Results: The review found that modelling can extend the validity of trials by: generalising from trial populations to specific target groups; generalising to other settings and countries; extrapolating trial outcomes to the longer term; linking intermediate outcome measures to final outcomes; extending analysis to...

16. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of ultrasound locating devices for central venous access: a systematic review and economic evaluation - Calvert, N.; Hind, D.; McWilliams, R.G.; Thomas, S.M.; Beverley, C.; Davidson, A.
Background: Approximately 200,000 central venous access (CVA) procedures are performed annually in the NHS. CVA has traditionally been achieved by the landmark method of passing the needle along the anticipated line of the relevant vein using surface anatomical landmarks and the expected relationship of the vein to its palpable companion artery. While experienced operators can achieve relatively high success rates with the landmark method with few complications, such as arterial puncture and pneumothorax, failure rates in the literature have been reported to be as high as 35%. The experience of radiologists suggests that CVA can be achieved quickly, with low failure and complication rates, using ultrasonic locating devices (ULD). There are two types: ultrasound (US) probes generating a two-dimensional...

17. A review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of routine anti-D prophylaxis for pregnant women who are rhesus-negative - Chilcott, J.; Lloyd Jones, M.; Wight, J.; Forman, K.; Wray, J.; Beverley, C.; Tappenden, P.
Background: Haemolytic disease of the newborn affects the fetus or neonate, and results from the transplacental passage of maternal allo-antibodies directed against fetal red cell antigens inherited from the father. Over 90% of all cases of clinically significant haemolytic disease of the newborn affect rhesus D (RhD)-positive infants born to RhD-negative mothers. The mothers usually make the anti-D antibody following a small fetomaternal haemorrhage at delivery of the first RhD-positive infant. This does not harm that infant, but successive RhD-positive infants are then progressively more affected by haemolytic disease of the newborn. Prophylactic anti-D, whether antenatal or postpartum, can only suppress primary RhD immunisation; it has no effect in women who have already developed anti-D, however weak....

18. A systematic review and economic evaluation of computerised cognitive behaviour therapy for depression and anxiety - Kaltenthaler, E.; Shackley, P.; Stevens, K.; Beverley, C.; Parry, G.; Chilcott, J.
Background: Most patients suffering from depression, anxiety and phobias are treated within the primary care setting, although many patients do not seek help or their condition is not recognised by healthcare professionals. Medication is usually the first treatment offered but this is often associated with side-effects. There is substantial evidence to support the use of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) in the treatment of these disorders. However, access is limited due to too few therapists, expense, waiting lists, and patients’ reluctance to enter therapy. Computerised cognitive behaviour therapy (CCBT) is a self-help option that offers patients the potential benefits of CBT with less therapist involvement. Objective: The overall aim of the review was to assess the clinical effectiveness of CCBT...

19. A review of the natural history and epidemiology of multiple sclerosis: implications for resource allocation and health economic models - Richards, R.G.; Simpson, F.C.; Beard, S.M.; Tappenden, P.
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive degenerative disease of the CNS with a pattern of symptoms that depends on the type of disease and the site of lesions. As damage accumulates, symptoms become more permanent and progressive disability ensues. MS is a disease characterised by wide variations between patients and for the individual over time, thus making categorisation difficult. MS has a significant impact on the quality of life (QoL) for most patients over many years, with the disease lasting, on average, 30 years. The disease is twice as common in women than in men, and is at its peak in the most economically productive years of life. In order to plan for the social...

20. Treatments for spasticity and pain in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review - Beard, S.M.; Hunn, A.; Wight, J.
Objectives: To identify the drug treatments currently available for the management of spasticity and pain in multiple sclerosis (MS), and to evaluate their clinical and cost-effectiveness. Data sources: Electronic bibliographic databases, National Research Register, MRC Clinical Trials Register and the US National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials Register. Review methods: Systematic searches identified 15 interventions for the treatment of spasticity and 15 interventions for treatment of pain. The quality and outcomes of the studies were evaluated. Reviews of the treatment of spasticity and pain when due to other aetiologies were also sought. Results: There is limited evidence of the effectiveness of four oral drugs for spasticity: baclofen, dantrolene, diazepam and tizanidine. Tizanidine appears to be no more...

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