White Rose Research Online
(13.411 recursos)
Este es el repositorio institucional de tres universidades del Reino Unido (York, Leeds y Sheffield), creado con el apoyo de SHERPA. Proporciona acceso a los artículos de investigación de las instituciones.
Mostrando recursos 1 - 20 de 126
1.
Econometric modelling of competition between train ticket types - Wardman, M.; Toner, J.
INTRODUCTION
The railways in Britain have a long history of using price discrimination backed up with product differentiation to significantly increase revenue over what might
be obtained in an undifferentiated market. Whilst not as sophisticated as the yield management systems widely used in the airline industry, rail ticketing strategies are continually evolving, with new products emerging, unsuccessful products discontinued and gradual refinement of others.
In recent years, there has been increased interest in modelling competition between different ticket types. The re-organisation of the railway industry in Great Britain has provided a greater commercial incentive to operators to price differentiate in order to maximise...
2.
Hierarchical elimination-by-aspects and nested logit
models of stated preferences for alternative fuel vehicles - Batley, R.; Toner, J.
1. INTRODUCTION
Since the late 1960s, transport demand analysis has been the context for significant developments in model forms for the representation of discrete choice behaviour. Such developments have adhered almost exclusively to
the behavioural paradigm of Random Utility Maximisation (RUM), first proposed by Marschak (1960) and Block and Marschak (1960). A common argument for the allegiance to RUM is that it ensures consistency with the fundamental axioms of microeconomic consumer theory and, it follows,
permits interface between the demand model and the concepts of welfare economics (e.g. Koppelman and Wen, 2001). The desire to better represent observed choice, which has driven developments...
3.
Enhancing Rail Passenger Demand Models to examine Station Choice and Access to the Rail Network - Lythgoe, W.F.; Wardman, M.; Toner, J.P.
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES
Much analysis of rail travel demand in Great Britain has been undertaken using time-series direct demand models, for example Jones and Nichols (1983), and Owen and Phillips (1987). In these models, changes in demand over time are explained as a function of independent variables that change incrementally over the same time period. However, such an incremental approach is of no use for forecasting the demand from new stations, or for other new rail services. Furthermore, this approach does not handle competition between different stations, nor the impact of access on either rail demand or rail elasticities.
There is, therefore,...
4.
LEF2 - A strategic freight transport model for Great Britain. - Johnson, D.H.; Whiteing, A.E.; Fowkes, A.S.
INTRODUCTION
This paper reports some innovative model building that yields a useful addition to models of freight in Great Britain. Currently, the Great Britain Freight Model (GBFM) is part of the Department for Transport's (DtT) national
model suite. That model is over-detailed for some purposes and internally only models mode choice effects. Freight modelling requirements in Great Britain were reviewed in work for the DtT, the Strategic Rail Authority (SRA), the
Highways Agency (HA) and Transport for London (TfL). Arising from our work on that project, and our involvement with GBFM, we identified a need for a strategic freight transport model, near instantaneous...
5.
Modelling Quality Bus Partnerships. - Whelan, G.A.; Toner, J.P.; Mackie, P.J.; Preston, J.M.
This paper reports on work undertaken on behalf of the UK Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) to develop a computer-based simulation model of the local bus market to be used to assess the likely outcomes of alternative regulatory and investment policies associated with Quality Bus Partnerships (QBP). Following a review of existing models of public transport, we develop a simulation model with three components, comprising: a demand model, a cost model and an evaluation model. The demand model is based at the level of the individual and assigns people to bus services according to the level...
6.
How about building a transport model of the world? - Timms, P.M.
The paper provides a specification, created by the recently completed BLUEPRINT project, for a world transport network model. The model should be able to make predictions (up to 100 years into the future) of transport flows throughout the world and hence make predictions of global climate-changing emissions arising from transport. Furthermore, the model should: cover both passenger and freight traffic; feature all modes of transport (road, rail, non-motorised, water, air and pipeline); and represent both local traffic and long-distance traffic. The paper describes how the model will be structured as the combination of a global model (distinguishing between approximately 30...
7.
Low Carbon Transport Futures: How Acceptable are They? - Bristow, A.L.; Pridmore, A.M.; Tight, M.R.; May, A.D.
Climate change is an internationally recognised problem. The transport sector in the UK
is responsible for approximately 26% of the countrys CO2 emissions and this proportion is
growing. If deep cuts in CO2 emissions are required to slow the pace of climate change
then the transport sector will have to play a role. This paper firstly examines the CO2
reduction targets that might be applied to the transport sector and provides a justification
for those targets. Secondly consideration is given to a range of different strategies that
might enable the transport sector to achieve the targets. Finally the paper reports on results
of a survey undertaken to...
8.
Rail privatisation in Britain - lessons for the rail freight industry - Fowkes, A.S.; Nash, C.A.
Until 1994, the rail industry in Britain as in most of Europe was organised in the form of a single integrated state owned company providing passenger and freight services, and the infrastructure on which they ran, throughout the country. It is true that significant reforms did take place in the 1980s, grouping rail services into a number of sectors (Inter City, London and South East and regional passenger, and trainload, distribution and parcels for freight) with their own objectives, management and accounts (Nash, 1988). Also activities such as hotels and rolling stock manufacture were hived off and privatised....
9.
Passenger Rail Franchising - British Experience - Nash, C.A.; Smith, A.S.J
Given that virtually all British passenger train services were franchised out over the period 1995-7, and many have now been franchised for a second time, Britain should provide an excellent opportunity to study the impact of franchising passenger rail services. Moreover, since several different franchising models have been tried, there should also be some useful evidence on how best to go about franchising. In practice, however, the turbulent history of the British rail industry over this period makes drawing firm conclusions difficult. At the start, it appeared that franchising was very successful with strong competition for franchises, rapidly rising traffic,...
10.
Further Exposition of the Value of Reliability. - Batley, R.
The aim of this paper is to assist deeper understanding of the value of reliability, as it relates to the users of transport systems. The approach is theoretical, and follows the precedent of Noland & Small (1995) and Bates et al. (2001) in couching the scheduling model of Small (1982) within an objective problem of expected utility maximisation (von Neumann & Morgenstern, 1947; Savage, 1954). In contrast to these earlier works on reliability, the paper adopts a discrete representation of time; this appeals both to the context of scheduled public transport services, and implementation within Stated Preference and the Random...
11.
Satellite Navigation Technology Applications for Intelligent Transport Systems: A European Perspective. - Firmin, P.E.
This paper focuses on real-world applications of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in the field of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). The key advantages offered by satellite technology of observation, telecommunications and navigation, are highly suited to the needs of future transport systems of all kinds. The paper will outline the various current European based applications of satellite navigation systems to intelligent transport systems, drawing on recent European telematic research project findings and good case study examples of early system implementation throughout Europe.
With regards to recent EU research, the paper will give an overview of current cutting edge transport research and...
12.
Using Travel Simulation to Investigate Driver Response to In-Vehicle Route Guidance Systems, - Firming, P.E.; Budhiraja, H.
A major application for developed satellite navigation systems is the in-vehicle route guidance market. As systems become cheaper to purchase and easier to install and indeed car manufacturers begin to fit the equipment as standard in new vehicles, the potential market for such systems in the developed world is massive. But what are the consequences of giving navigational assistance to car drivers? How will drivers respond to this information? Such information is liable to have a big impact upon driver route choice behaviour and is also subject to their interpretation of the guidance and action upon receiving it. This response...
13.
The AVTUNE Noise Model - Goodman, P.; Bell, M.; Hodges, N.
This article briefly describes the implementation of a new road traffic noise prediction facility, AVTUNE (Airviro Traffic and Urban Noise Evaluator) within the framework of the existing Airviro pollution management system. The joint noise and air quality modelling system forms a major component of the Leicester element of the European Union Fifth Framework project, HEAVEN (Healthier Environment through the Abatement of Vehicle Emissions and Noise).
The noise model itself has been broken down into two major components: the SNEM (Source Noise Emissions Module) that works in quasi real-time and compliments the Airviro systems ability to acquire directly from Leicesters UTC (Urban...
14.
The role of ITS in noise mapping and noise action planning. - Wilmink, I.; Goodman, P.; Bell, M.; Versteegt, E.
For the production of strategic noise maps and noise action plans, as required under the European Noise Directive (END), improved assessment methods for environmental noise will be required. The EU project IMAGINE will provide improved methods for the assessment of noise impacts from railways, roads and aircraft, and industry. The project pays special attention to approaches to road traffic modeling, in particular, to improved accuracy in modelling the current traffic situation and methods to assess of the effects of a range of mitigating measures, for instance when considering Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). This paper gives the initial results of the...
15.
Assessing New Transport Policy Instruments - Jopson, A.
This research examines the contribution of an explanatory model of behaviour to understanding response to a new transport policy instrument. The travel demand management technique; individualised marketing campaigns (IMCs; a form of personalised journey planning) are considered. IMCs are voluntary and are used to reduce car use where there is excess demand, or current levels of demand make it difficult to meet environmental and social policy objectives. However, reducing car use, which has many benefits and can be habitual, without penalties, which can be politically unacceptable, is slow and sometimes results in small amounts of behaviour change. One reason may...
16.
The Role of Norms in Mode Choice - Jopson, A.
The research reported here considers the role of attitudes, norms and control in transport mode choice, specifically attempts to reduce car use through individualised marketing campaigns. Much work to reduce car use focuses on the provision of information. Often, this information is concerned with persuading people of the need to reduce car use, and increasing their awareness of the alternatives available. It is hoped that the information provided will change individuals attitudes towards car use and the use of alternatives, and thus cause them to reduce their car use (i.e., change their behaviour). The most sophisticated projects will tailor information...
17.
Exploring scenarios to 2050 for hydrogen use in transport in the UK. - Page, M.; Kelly, C.; Bristow, A.
The work reported in this paper was carried out as part of a project funded by the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. The project - The Hydrogen Energy Economy: its long term role in greenhouse gas reduction (Dutton et al., 2004) was a collaboration between the Energy Research Unit at the CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, the Science and Technology Policy Research Unit (SPRU) at the University of Sussex and the Institute for Transport Studies (ITS) at the University of Leeds. The project studied the potential contribution and viability of the hydrogen energy economy towards reducing UK carbon dioxide...
18.
Improving Pedestrian Accessibility and Quality of Life. - Tight, M.R.; Kelly, C.; Hodgson, F.; Page, M.
In the UK walking has been in decline for many years, but is still an important mode accounting for around 25% of all trips in 2002 (DfT, 2003).
Walking has perhaps been partly overlooked by those responsible for urban areas because of its very ubiquity and the fact that it is seen as a benign mode of transport. By its very nature walking is something which virtually everyone does and which is self evidently an important mode, but which causes few problems to others and is relatively inexpensive to cater for. These advantages can sometimes lead to walking being overlooked as...
19.
Modelling the impact of alternative fare structures on train overcrowding - Johnson, D.H.; Whelan, G.A.
The Strategic Rail Authority (SRA) provides the backbone to rail regulation in Great Britain. As part of its responsibilities, the SRA monitors overcrowding on trains which it measures in terms of the proportion of passengers on trains in excess of the seat capacity for longer distance services, and with an allowance for standing passengers on shorter journeys of less than 20 minutes. Overcrowding on Britains railways fell during the early 1990s but has been on the increase since 1996 with particularly acute problems in the morning peak for services travelling to London. In a study conducted on behalf of the...
20.
Identifying Taste Variation in Choice Models - Whelan, G.A.
Among the many attractive features of the mixed logit model is its ability to take account of taste variation among decision-makers by allowing coefficients to follow pre-specified distributions (usually normal or lognormal). Whilst accounting for heterogeneity in the population, simple applications of the technique fail to identify valuable information on differences in behaviour between market segments. This information is likely to be of use to those involved in policy and investment analysis, product design and marketing.
The standard approach to overcome this problem when working with the mixed logit model is to identify segments prior to modelling and either specify a...
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