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马六甲海峡与南海航道安全 - 李金明
【摘要】 马六甲海峡是世界上最重要的海上交通航线之一,其安全的主要问题是海盗的袭击。在反海盗的过程中,如何处理好海峡沿岸国家的主权问题成为确保马六甲海峡安全的关键。美、日、印度三国以反海盗袭击和打击恐怖主义为名,在南海海域加强军事合作,其真正目的据说是牵制中国,这无疑增加了南海航道的不安全因素。
【英文摘要】 The Malacca Straits is one of the most important sea - lanes in the world. The main threat to its security comes from buccaneering assaults. In the course of and - piracy, how to deal with the sovereignty problems of nations along the strait has become the key to assure the security of the Malacca Straits. On the pretext of fighting against piratical attacks and terrorism, the U.S., Japan and India have strengthened their military cooperation in the South China Sea waters. Their actual purpose is said to co...
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唐代广州与阿拉伯的海上交通 - 李金明
【摘要】 唐代广州与阿拉伯的海上交通达到空前繁荣,阿拉伯商人大量来到广州贸易,这与唐朝政府奉行开明的对外开放政策,尊重阿拉伯人的宗教习俗,给予外商贸易上的优惠等有着密切的联系。
【英文摘要】 The navigation between Guangzhou and Arabia was flourishing as never witnessed before during the Tang Dynasty. Many Arabian merchants came to Guanghou for trade due to the Tang Goverment's open-door policy,their provision of favorite trade conditions,as well as their friendly attitudes towards the foreign people, and their religious beliefs, giving them a preferential tariff.
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对晚清在南洋设立领事馆的反思 - 庄国土
摘要】 近代国家外交护侨的主要措施是建立领事馆。随着晚清朝野对华侨认识的逐渐转变,保护和利用华侨成为清朝华侨政策的主要内容。南洋在中国周边地区具重要战略地位,也是华侨聚居之地,应当是清朝设领的重点地区。但由于朝廷对设领的重要性认识不足,推动不力,且外交人才缺乏、驻外使节布局失误和外交事权分散等,因此屡误设领时机,导致在晚清时期中国所设的45个领事馆中,在南洋地区仅设立7个领事馆。
【英文摘要】 The main measure to protect the overseas subjects by modern countries is to establish consulates.With the late Qing government gradually changing its negative attitudes towards overseas Chinese,how to protect and use overseas Chinese became the main content of the government policies.As Southeast Asia was geographically a significant strategic area for China' security and where most of overseas Chinese were concentrated,the late Qing government should have tried its best to establish consulates as most as p...
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略论朝贡制度的虚幻:以古代中国与东南亚的朝贡关系为例 - 庄国土
【摘要】 很多东西方学者所认为的中国与东南亚之间长期存在的“朝贡贸易与宗藩关系”,实际上并不具备“朝贡”和“宗藩”的实质。将到中国者统称为朝贡者,基本上是中国统治者以及历代史官、文人的一厢情愿。中国朝廷通常没有也不打算利用这种表面上的、自我安慰式的“朝贡宗藩”关系来干预东南亚地区事务。实行“朝贡体制”数百年的明清两朝,其海外政策基本上是不作为的自我封闭政策,并没有获得对东南亚的实际政治影响力。
【英文摘要】 The so-called long-standing “tributary trade and suzerain-vassal relations” between ancient China and Southeast Asia, which have been held among many Oriental and Western scholars, were in fact hardly related to “tributary” and “suzerain-vassal” in substance. The general designation of those who had come to China as tributaries, was basically the one-sided wish of Chinese rulers, historians and scholars in the past dynasties. Chinese imperial courts did not usually use or intend to use this ostensible and s...
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论郑和下西洋对中国海外开拓事业的破坏——兼论朝贡制度的虚假性 - 庄国土
摘要】 集中体现在郑和下西洋的明初海外政策,其核心是朝贡制度和海禁政策。郑和下西洋的动机,既是为了营造“万国来朝、四夷咸服”“天朝”的气势,也是中央集权政府打击东南沿海民间贸易和海上流民的措施。其结果是“倾国力”进行的“下西洋”活动因国库告罄而无力继续,“厚往薄来”的朝贡贸易随之烟消云散,宋元时期国人方兴未艾的海外拓殖也为之中断。明朝政府也因此背向海洋,继续维持海禁政策。中央政府对东南沿海人民的海外拓殖事业的敌视,是明清时期国人海外贸易与移民扩张的最主要障碍,它使中国多次丧失向海洋发展的机会。
【英文摘要】 The core of overseas policies of the early Ming Imperial Court mirrored in the period of Zheng He's expeditions are the tribute system and the ban on maritime trade or relations with foreign countries. The motives of Zheng He's expeditions are to show the greatness of the Ming emperor with mass tribute envoys appearing in China and to crack down the flourishing private Chinese maritime trade and overseas settlements. Zheng He s expeditions have resulted in the exhaustion of the imperial treasury and the tri...
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多元文化或同化:亨廷顿的族群文化观与东南亚华族 - 庄国土
【摘要】 亨廷顿的文明冲突论是其族群文化观对国际政冶格局的解读。其族群文化观源于美国的族群理论中的盎格鲁一萨克逊优越论。在美国国内,亨廷顿断言多元文化将使美国分裂而反对多元文化,主张用以盎格鲁一萨克逊文化代表的美国核心文化同化其他移民族群。在国际上,亨廷顿强调不同宗教文化的难以调和性,似乎由主流文化同化其他族群才是解决“国家间和国家内部的文明冲突”的出路。正如同化理论在美国日益没落而多元文化广被认可一样,在东南亚,一个各族群可以和睦相处的多元社会的构建不但是一种理念,也能成为现实。
【英文摘要】 The famous theory of "clash of civilization" S. P. Huntington used to explain global politics comes from his awareness of domestic ethnic cultural structure. Huntington declared that pluralistic culture would lead to the split of the U. S., and therefore the Anglo-Saxon should be the core culture to unite American spirits. He stresses that the clash between religions and cultures will be difficult to be mediated, and the cultural assimilation should be the only way out for the cultural clash either in U.S. ...
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从跳船者到东百老汇大街的“主人”:近20年来福州人移民美国研究 - 庄国土
摘要】 中国大陆对美国华人社会的研究 ,多集中于留学生群体和美国主流社会的一些成功人士。然而 ,在过去的 2 0年间 ,福州人已经成为美国华人社会中人数最多的移民社群 ,且增长速度令人瞠目。福州人秉承先辈漂洋过海的传统 ,勇于冒险 ,勤勉节俭 ,重视亲情 ,拥有强大的互助网络和互助传统 ,这是他们移民美国成功率高和在美国迅速发展的主要原因。可以预见 ,在不远的将来 ,福州籍华人将凸显其政治经济潜力 ,成为美国华人社区的中流砥柱。
【英文摘要】 This paper examines the emigration from Fuzhou to the United States in the last 20 years. Traditionally the people in the Fuzhou area have gotten used to seeking fortune on sea. The first immigrants from Fuzhou were sailors by jumping ship in the United States, who planted the first seeds of Fuzhous emigrant network to New York. Because they are so thrift and hardworking, and particularly own a strong mutual aid network in the United States, they become the largest group in the...
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