PubMed Central (PMC3 - NLM DTD)
(2,673,363 recursos)
Archive of life sciences journal literature at the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), developed and managed by NIH's National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) in the National Library of Medicine (NLM).
American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
Mostrando recursos 121 - 140 de 765
121.
Bioengineered human IAS reconstructs with functional and molecular properties similar to intact IAS - Singh, Jagmohan; Rattan, Satish
Because of its critical importance in rectoanal incontinence, we determined the feasibility to reconstruct internal anal sphincter (IAS) from human IAS smooth muscle cells (SMCs) with functional and molecular attributes similar to the intact sphincter. The reconstructs were developed using SMCs from the circular smooth muscle layer of the human IAS, grown in smooth muscle differentiation media under sterile conditions in Sylgard-coated tissue culture plates with central Sylgard posts. The basal tone in the reconstructs and its changes were recorded following 0 Ca2+, KCl, bethanechol, isoproterenol, protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, and Rho kinase (ROCK) and PKC inhibitors...
122.
Inhibition of long myosin light-chain kinase activation alleviates intestinal damage after binge ethanol exposure and burn injury - Zahs, Anita; Bird, Melanie D.; Ramirez, Luis; Turner, Jerrold R.; Choudhry, Mashkoor A.; Kovacs, Elizabeth J.
Laboratory evidence suggests that intestinal permeability is elevated following either binge ethanol exposure or burn injury alone, and this barrier dysfunction is further perturbed when these insults are combined. We and others have previously reported a rise in both systemic and local proinflammatory cytokine production in mice after the combined insult. Knowing that long myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) is important for epithelial barrier maintenance and can be activated by proinflammatory cytokines, we examined whether inhibition of MLCK alleviated detrimental intestinal responses seen after ethanol exposure and burn injury. To accomplish this, mice were given vehicle or a single binge ethanol...
123.
Tobacco carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone initiates and enhances pancreatitis responses - Alexandre, M.; Uduman, A. K.; Minervini, S.; Raoof, A.; Shugrue, C. A.; Akinbiyi, E. O.; Patel, V.; Shitia, M.; Kolodecik, T. R.; Patton, R.; Gorelick, F. S.; Thrower, E. C.
Clinical studies indicate that cigarette smoking increases the risk for developing acute pancreatitis. The nicotine metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a major cigarette smoke toxin. We hypothesized that NNK could sensitize to pancreatitis and examined its effects in isolated rat pancreatic acini and in vivo. In acini, 100 nM NNK caused three- and fivefold activation of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, respectively, above control. Furthermore, NNK pretreatment in acini enhanced zymogen activation in a cerulein pancreatitis model. The long-term effects of NNK were examined in vivo after intraperitoneal injection of NNK (100 mg/kg body wt) three times weekly for 2 wk. NNK alone...
124.
Suppression of IL-8 production in gastric epithelial cells by MUC1 mucin and peroxisome proliferator-associated receptor-γ - Park, Yong Sung; Guang, Wei; Blanchard, Thomas G.; Chul Kim, K.; Lillehoj, Erik P.
MUC1 is a membrane-tethered mucin expressed on the apical surface of epithelial cells. Our previous report (Guang W, Ding H, Czinn SJ, Kim KC, Blanchard TG, Lillehoj EP. J Biol Chem 285: 20547–20557, 2010) demonstrated that expression of MUC1 in AGS gastric epithelial cells limits Helicobacter pylori infection and reduces bacterial-driven IL-8 production. In this study, we identified the peroxisome proliferator-associated receptor-γ (PPARγ) upstream of MUC1 in the anti-inflammatory pathway suppressing H. pylori- and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated IL-8 production. Treatment of AGS cells with H. pylori or PMA increased IL-8 levels in cell culture supernatants compared with cells treated...
125.
Esophageal wall blood perfusion during contraction and transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation in humans - Jiang, Yanfen; Bhargava, Valmik; Kim, Young Sun; Mittal, Ravinder K.
We recently reported that esophageal contraction reduces esophageal wall perfusion in an animal study. Our aim was to determine esophageal wall blood perfusion (EWBP) during esophageal contraction and transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) in humans. We studied 12 healthy volunteers. A custom-designed laser Doppler probe was anchored to the esophageal wall, 4–6 cm above the LES, by use of the Bravo pH system so that the laser light beam stay directed toward the esophageal mucosa. A high-resolution manometry equipped with impedance electrodes recorded esophageal pressures and reflux events. Synchronized pressure, impedance, pH, and EWBP recordings were obtained during dry...
126.
HCl-induced and ATP-dependent upregulation of TRPV1 receptor expression and cytokine production by human esophageal epithelial cells - Ma, Jie; Altomare, Annamaria; Guarino, Michele; Cicala, Michele; Rieder, Florian; Fiocchi, Claudio; Li, Dan; Cao, Weibiao; Behar, Jose; Biancani, Piero; Harnett, Karen M.
The pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) remains elusive, but recent evidence suggests that early secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by the mucosa leads to influx of immune cells followed by tissue damage. We previously showed that exposure of esophageal mucosa to HCl causes ATP release, resulting in activation of acetyl-CoA:1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetyltransferase (lyso-PAF AT), the enzyme responsible for the production of platelet-activating factor (PAF). In addition, HCl causes release of IL-8 from the esophageal mucosa. We demonstrate that esophageal epithelial cells secrete proinflammatory mediators in response to HCl and that this response is mediated by ATP. Monolayers of the...
127.
Indomethacin-induced translocation of bacteria across enteric epithelia is reactive oxygen species-dependent and reduced by vitamin C - Schoultz, Ida; McKay, Catherine M.; Graepel, Rabea; Phan, Van C.; Wang, Arthur; Söderholm, Johan; McKay, Derek M.
The enteric epithelium must absorb nutrients and water and act as a barrier to the entry of luminal material into the body; this barrier function is a key component of innate immunity. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced enteropathy occurs via inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and perturbed epithelial mitochondrial activity. Here, the direct effect of NSAIDs [indomethacin, piroxicam (cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 inhibitors), and SC-560 (a cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor)] on the barrier function of human T84 epithelial cell line monolayers was assessed by transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and internalization and translocation of a commensal Escherichia coli. Exposure to E. coli in the...
128.
Enteral nutrients potentiate glucagon-like peptide-2 action and reduce dependence on parenteral nutrition in a rat model of human intestinal failure - Brinkman, Adam S.; Murali, Sangita G.; Hitt, Stacy; Solverson, Patrick M.; Holst, Jens J.; Ney, Denise M.
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a nutrient-dependent, proglucagon-derived gut hormone that shows promise for the treatment of short bowel syndrome (SBS). Our objective was to investigate how combination GLP-2 + enteral nutrients (EN) affects intestinal adaption in a rat model that mimics severe human SBS and requires parenteral nutrition (PN). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of five groups and maintained with PN for 18 days: total parenteral nutrition (TPN) alone, TPN + GLP-2 (100 μg·kg−1·day−1), PN + EN + GLP-2(7 days), PN + EN + GLP-2(18 days), and a nonsurgical oral reference group. Animals underwent massive distal bowel resection...
129.
Reproducibility of swallow-induced cortical BOLD positive and negative fMRI activity - Babaei, Arash; Ward, B. Douglas; Ahmad, Shahryar; Patel, Anna; Nencka, Andrew; Li, Shi-Jiang; Hyde, James; Shaker, Reza
Functional MRI (fMRI) studies have demonstrated that a number of brain regions (cingulate, insula, prefrontal, and sensory/motor cortices) display blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) positive activity during swallow. Negative BOLD activations and reproducibility of these activations have not been systematically studied. The aim of our study was to investigate the reproducibility of swallow-related cortical positive and negative BOLD activity across different fMRI sessions. We studied 16 healthy volunteers utilizing an fMRI event-related analysis. Individual analysis using a general linear model was used to remove undesirable signal changes correlated with motion, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid. The group analysis used a mixed-effects...
130.
Antioxidative properties of paraoxonase 2 in intestinal epithelial cells - Précourt, Louis-Philippe; Marcil, Valérie; Ntimbane, Thierry; Taha, Rame; Lavoie, Jean-Claude; Delvin, Edgard; Seidman, Ernest G.; Beaulieu, Jean-François; Levy, Emile
Paraoxonase (PON) family members seem central to a wide variety of human illnesses, but appreciation of their antioxidative function in the gastrointestinal tract is in its infancy. The major objective of the present work is to highlight the role of the ubiquitously expressed PON2 in the small intestine. With use of pLKO lentiviral vector containing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentivirus, PON2 expression was knocked down in intestinal Caco-2/15 cells, where antioxidative status, lipid peroxidation, and degree of inflammation were evaluated. As a consequence of PON2 inactivation in the epithelial cells, we observed 1) imbalanced primary and secondary antioxidative responses, characterized...
131.
DHRS3, a retinal reductase, is differentially regulated by retinoic acid and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in THP-1 cells and rat liver - Zolfaghari, Reza; Chen, Qiuyan; Ross, A. Catharine
Both retinoid status and inflammation have been shown to control the level of expression of retinoid homeostatic genes. In the present study, DHRS3, previously shown to possess retinal reductase activity, was identified by microarray analysis of THP-1 monocytes as a possible gene target of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA). In these cells, DHRS3 mRNA increased 30- to 40-fold after treatment with ≤20 nM RA for 24 h, while DHRS3 protein also increased. Of several synthetic retinoids tested, only Am580, a RA receptor-α-selective retinoid, increased DHRS3 mRNA expression. The full-length DHRS3 cDNA was cloned from rat liver and subjected to in vitro transcription-translation....
132.
Targeting the intrinsic inflammatory pathway: honokiol exerts proapoptotic effects through STAT3 inhibition in transformed Barrett's cells - Yu, Chunhua; Zhang, Qiuyang; Zhang, Hui Ying; Zhang, Xi; Huo, Xiaofang; Cheng, Edaire; Wang, David H.; Arbiser, Jack L.; Spechler, Stuart Jon; Souza, Rhonda F.
One way to link chronic inflammation with cancer is through the intrinsic inflammatory pathway, in which genetic alterations that induce malignant transformation also produce a cancer-promoting, inflammatory microenvironment. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) contributes to the intrinsic inflammatory pathway in Barrett's esophagus. In human tumors, honokiol (a polyphenol in herbal teas) has growth-inhibitory and proapoptotic effects associated with suppressed activation of STAT3. We used human Barrett's epithelial and esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines to determine effects of honokiol on cell number, necrosis, apoptosis, and anchorage-independent growth and to explore STAT3's role in those effects. We determined Ras activity...
133.
Cellular mechanism of mechanotranscription in colonic smooth muscle cells - Li, Feng; Lin, You-Min; Sarna, Sushil K.; Shi, Xuan-Zheng
Mechanical stretch in obstruction induces expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in gut smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The stretch-induced COX-2 plays a critical role in motility dysfunction in obstructive bowel disorders (OBDs). The aims of the present study were to investigate the intracellular mechanism of mechanotranscription of COX-2 in colonic SMCs and to determine whether inhibition of mechanotranscription has therapeutic benefits in OBDs. Static stretch was mimicked in vitro in primary culture of rat colonic circular SMCs (RCCSMCs) and in colonic circular muscle strips. Partial obstruction was surgically induced with a silicon band in the distal colon of rats and COX-2-deficient mice....
134.
Protein kinase Cδ differentially regulates cAMP-dependent translocation of NTCP and MRP2 to the plasma membrane - Park, Se Won; Schonhoff, Christopher M.; Webster, Cynthia R. L.; Anwer, M. Sawkat
Cyclic AMP stimulates translocation of Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) from the cytosol to the sinusoidal membrane and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) to the canalicular membrane. A recent study suggested that protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) may mediate cAMP-induced translocation of Ntcp and Mrp2. In addition, cAMP has been shown to stimulate NTCP translocation in part via Rab4. The aim of this study was to determine whether cAMP-induced translocation of NTCP and MRP2 require kinase activity of PKCδ and to test the hypothesis that cAMP-induced activation of Rab4 is mediated via PKCδ. Studies were conducted in HuH-NTCP cells (HuH-7 cells stably...
135.
Interferon regulatory factor-2 is protective against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury - Klune, John R.; Dhupar, Rajeev; Kimura, Shoko; Ueki, Shinya; Cardinal, Jon; Nakao, Atsunori; Nace, Gary; Evankovich, John; Murase, Noriko; Tsung, Allan; Geller, David A.
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 is a nuclear transcription factor that induces inflammatory cytokine mediators and contributes to hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. No strategies to mitigate IRF1-mediated liver damage exist. IRF2 is a structurally similar endogenous protein that competes with IRF1 for DNA binding sites in IRF-responsive target genes and acts as a competitive inhibitor. However, the role of IRF2 in hepatic injury during hypoxic or inflammatory conditions is unknown. We hypothesize that IRF2 overexpression may mitigate IRF1-mediated I/R damage. Endogenous IRF2 is basally expressed in normal livers and is mildly increased by ischemia alone. Overexpression of IRF2 protects against hepatic...
136.
Hepatocyte-specific ablation of spermine/spermidine-N1-acetyltransferase gene reduces the severity of CCl4-induced acute liver injury - Zahedi, Kamyar; Barone, Sharon L.; Xu, Jie; Steinbergs, Nora; Schuster, Rebecca; Lentsch, Alex B.; Amlal, Hassane; Wang, Jiang; Casero, Robert A.; Soleimani, Manoocher
Activation of spermine/spermidine-N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) leads to DNA damage and growth arrest in mammalian cells, and its ablation reduces the severity of ischemic and endotoxic injuries. Here we have examined the role of SSAT in the pathogenesis of toxic liver injury caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The expression and activity of SSAT increase in the liver subsequent to CCl4 administration. Furthermore, the early liver injury after CCl4 treatment was significantly attenuated in hepatocyte-specific SSAT knockout mice (Hep-SSAT-Cko) compared with wild-type (WT) mice as determined by the reduced serum alanine aminotransferase levels, decreased hepatic lipid peroxidation, and less severe liver damage. Cytochrome...
137.
Nesfatin-1 inhibits gastric acid secretion via a central vagal mechanism in rats - Xia, Ze-Feng; Fritze, Danielle M.; Li, Ji-Yao; Chai, Biaoxin; Zhang, Chao; Zhang, Weizhen; Mulholland, Michael W.
Nesfatin-1, a novel hypothalamic peptide, inhibits nocturnal feeding behavior and gastrointestinal motility in rodents. The effects of nesfatin-1 on gastrointestinal secretory function, including gastric acid production, have not been evaluated. Nesfatin-1 was injected into the fourth intracerebral ventricle (4V) of chronically cannulated rats to identify a nesfatin dose sufficient to inhibit food intake. Nesfatin-1 (2 μg) inhibited dark-phase food intake, in a dose-dependent fashion, for >3 h. Gastric acid production was evaluated in urethane-anesthetized rats. Nesfatin-1 (2 μg) was introduced via the 4V following endocrine stimulation of gastric acid secretion by pentagastrin (2 μg·kg−1·h−1 iv), vagal stimulation with 2-deoxy-d-glucose (200...
138.
Circadian rhythms of gastrointestinal function are regulated by both central and peripheral oscillators - Malloy, Jaclyn N.; Paulose, Jiffin K.; Li, Ye; Cassone, Vincent M.
Circadian clocks are responsible for daily rhythms in a wide array of processes, including gastrointestinal (GI) function. These are vital for normal digestive rhythms and overall health. Previous studies demonstrated circadian clocks within the cells of GI tissue. The present study examines the roles played by the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), master circadian pacemaker for overt circadian rhythms, and the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of circadian GI rhythms in the mouse Mus musculus. Surgical ablation of the SCN abolishes circadian locomotor, feeding, and stool output rhythms when animals are presented with food ad libitum, while restricted feeding reestablishes these rhythms...
139.
Elevated lipopolysaccharide in the colon evokes intestinal inflammation, aggravated in immune modulator-impaired mice - Im, Eunok; Riegler, Franz Martin; Pothoulakis, Charalabos; Rhee, Sang Hoon
Frequency of gram-negative bacteria is markedly enhanced in inflamed gut, leading to augmented LPS in the intestine. Although LPS in the intestine is considered harmless and, rather, provides protective effects against epithelial injury, it has been suggested that LPS causes intestinal inflammation, such as necrotizing enterocolitis. Therefore, direct effects of LPS in the intestine remain to be studied. In this study, we examine the effect of LPS in the colon of mice instilled with LPS by rectal enema. We found that augmented LPS on the luminal side of the colon elicited inflammation in the small intestine remotely, not in the...
140.
CD24 can be used to isolate Lgr5+ putative colonic epithelial stem cells in mice - King, Jeffrey B.; von Furstenberg, Richard J.; Smith, Brian J.; McNaughton, Kirk K.; Galanko, Joseph A.; Henning, Susan J.
A growing body of evidence has implicated CD24, a cell-surface protein, as a marker of colorectal cancer stem cells and target for antitumor therapy, although its presence in normal colonic epithelium has not been fully characterized. Previously, our group showed that CD24-based cell sorting can be used to isolate a fraction of murine small intestinal epithelial cells enriched in actively cycling stem cells. Similarly, we hypothesized that CD24-based isolation of colonic epithelial cells would generate a fraction enriched in actively cycling colonic epithelial stem cells (CESCs). Immunohistochemistry performed on mouse colonic tissue showed CD24 expression in the bottom half of...
121.
