PubMed Central (PMC3 - NLM DTD)
(2,625,653 recursos)
Archive of life sciences journal literature at the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), developed and managed by NIH's National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) in the National Library of Medicine (NLM).
American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
Mostrando recursos 121 - 140 de 720
121.
Ferritin upregulates hepatic expression of bone morphogenetic protein 6 and hepcidin in mice - Feng, Qi; Migas, Mary C.; Waheed, Abdul; Britton, Robert S.; Fleming, Robert E.
Hepcidin is a hepatocellular hormone that inhibits the release of iron from certain cell populations, including enterocytes and reticuloendothelial cells. The regulation of hepcidin (HAMP) gene expression by iron status is mediated in part by the signaling molecule bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6). We took advantage of the low iron status of juvenile mice to characterize the regulation of Bmp6 and Hamp1 expression by iron administered in three forms: 1) ferri-transferrin (Fe-Tf), 2) ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), and 3) liver ferritin. Each of these forms of iron enters cells by distinct mechanisms and chemical forms. Iron was parenterally administered to...
122.
Intestinal epithelial CD98 synthesis specifically modulates expression of colonic microRNAs during colitis - Charania, Moiz A.; Ayyadurai, Saravanan; Ingersoll, Sarah A.; Xiao, Bo; Viennois, Emilie; Yan, Yutao; Laroui, Hamed; Sitaraman, Shanthi V.; Merlin, Didier
The transmembrane glycoprotein CD98 is known to be involved in intestinal inflammation. In the present study, we found that CD98 overexpression in intestinal epithelial cells does not normally affect the expression of colonic (epithelial and immune cell) microRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate a wide variety of biological processes. However, upon dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment, the expression of several colonic miRNAs, but not miRNAs from other tissues such as liver and spleen, were differentially regulated in mice overexpressing CD98 in epithelial cells compared with wild-type (WT) animals. For example, the level of colonic miRNA 132 was not...
123.
Effect of peripheral administration of cholecystokinin on food intake in apolipoprotein AIV knockout mice - Yoshimichi, Go; Lo, Chunmin C.; Tamashiro, Kellie L. K.; Ma, Liyun; Lee, Dana M.; Begg, Denovan P.; Liu, Min; Sakai, Randall R.; Woods, Stephen C.; Yoshimatsu, Hironobu; Tso, Patrick
Apolipoprotein AIV (apo AIV) and cholecystokinin (CCK) are satiation factors secreted by the small intestine in response to lipid meals. Apo AIV and CCK-8 has an additive effect to suppress food intake relative to apo AIV or CCK-8 alone. In this study, we determined whether CCK-8 (1, 3, or 5 μg/kg ip) reduces food intake in fasted apo AIV knockout (KO) mice as effectively as in fasted wild-type (WT) mice. Food intake was monitored by the DietMax food system. Apo AIV KO mice had significantly reduced 30-min food intake following all doses of CCK-8, whereas WT mice had reduced food...
124.
Downregulation of the CCK-B receptor in pancreatic cancer cells blocks proliferation and promotes apoptosis - Fino, Kristin K.; Matters, Gail L.; McGovern, Christopher O.; Gilius, Evan L.; Smith, Jill P.
Gastrin stimulates the growth of pancreatic cancer cells through the activation of the cholecystokinin-B receptor (CCK-BR), which has been found to be overexpressed in pancreatic cancer. In this study, we proposed that the CCK-BR drives growth of pancreatic cancer; hence, interruption of CCK-BR activity could potentially be an ideal target for cancer therapeutics. The effect of CCK-BR downregulation in the human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells was examined by utilizing specific CCK-BR-targeted RNA interference reagents. The CCK-BR receptor expression was both transiently and stably downregulated by transfection with selective CCK-BR small-interfering RNA or short-hairpin RNA, respectively, and the effects on cell growth...
125.
Knockout of Mkp-1 exacerbates colitis in Il-10-deficient mice - Matta, Ranyia; Barnard, John A.; Wancket, Lyn M.; Yan, Jing; Xue, Jianjing; Grieves, Jessica; Frazier, W. Joshua; Nelin, Leif; Cato, Andrew C. B.; Liu, Yusen
Il-10-deficient mice develop colitis associated with exaggerated Th1/Th17 responses and are a valuable model of inflammatory bowel disease. Mkp-1 is a major negative regulator of MAPKs, and its expression is enhanced by IL-10. To understand the role of Mkp-1 in the regulation of intestinal mucosal immune responses, we studied the effect of Mkp-1 deletion on the pathogenesis of colitis in Il-10−/− mice. We found that knockout of Mkp-1 on an Il-10−/− background accelerated the development of colitis. Compared with Il-10−/− mice, colitis not only appeared earlier but also was more severe in Il-10−/−/Mkp-1−/− mice. Il-10−/− mice exhibited a mild intestinal...
126.
Activation of rat intestinal mucosal mast cells by fat absorption - Ji, Yong; Sakata, Yasuhisa; Yang, Qing; Li, Xiaoming; Xu, Min; Yoder, Stephanie; Langhans, Wolfgang; Tso, Patrick
Previous studies have linked certain types of gut mucosal immune cells with fat intake. We determined whether fat absorption activates intestinal mucosal mast cells (MMC), a key component of the gut mucosal immune system. Conscious intestinal lymph fistula rats were used. The mesenteric lymph ducts were cannulated, and the intraduodenal (i.d.) tubes were installed for the infusion of Liposyn II 20% (an intralipid emulsion). Lymphatic concentrations of histamine, rat MMC protease II (RMCPII), a specific marker of rat intestinal MMC degranulation, and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) were measured by ELISA. Intestinal MMC degranulation was visualized by immunofluorescent microscopy of jejunum sections...
127.
Esophageal functional impairments in experimental eosinophilic esophagitis - Mavi, Parm; Rajavelu, Priya; Rayapudi, Madhavi; Paul, Richard J.; Mishra, Anil
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an emerging chronic esophageal disease. Despite the increasing diagnosis of EoE globally, the causes of EoE and other esophageal eosinophilic disorders are not clearly understood. EoE pathology includes accumulation of inflammatory cells (e.g., eosinophils, mast cells), characteristic endoscopic features (e.g., furrows, the formation of fine concentric mucosal rings, exudates), and functional impairments (e.g., esophageal stricture, dysmotility). We hypothesized that the esophageal structural pathology and functional impairments of EoE develop as a consequence of the effector functions of the accumulated inflammatory cells. We analyzed eosinophils (anti-major basic protein immunostaining), esophageal stricture (X-ray barium swallowing), and esophageal motility...
128.
Hepatic recruitment of macrophages promotes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through CCR2 - Miura, Kouichi; Yang, Ling; van Rooijen, Nico; Ohnishi, Hirohide; Seki, Ekihiro
Inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver is a hallmark of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The chemokine-chemokine receptor interaction induces inflammatory cell recruitment. CC-chemokine receptor (CCR)2 is expressed on hepatic macrophages and hepatic stellate cells. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of CCR2 to NASH. Twenty-two weeks on a choline-deficient amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet induced steatosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and liver fibrosis with increased CCR2 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 expression in the wild-type livers. The infiltrated macrophages expressed CD68, CCR2, and a marker of bone marrow-derived monocytes, Ly6C. CCR2−/− mice had less steatosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrosis, and...
129.
Genetic epidemiology and pharmacogenetics in irritable bowel syndrome - Camilleri, Michael; Katzka, David A.
The objectives of this review are twofold. Our first objective is to evaluate the evidence supporting a role for genetics in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Specific examples of the associations of genetic variation and symptoms, syndromes, and intermediate phenotypes, including neurotransmitter (serotonergic, α2-adrenergic, and cannabinoid) mechanisms, inflammatory pathways (IL-10, TNFα, GNβ3, and susceptibility loci involved in Crohn's disease), and bile acid metabolism, are explored. The second objective is to review pharmacogenetics in IBS, with the focus on cytochrome P-450 metabolism of drugs used in IBS, modulation of motor and sensory responses to serotonergic agents based on the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) transporter-linked...
130.
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli inhibits ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter ASBT - Annaba, Fadi; Sarwar, Zaheer; Gill, Ravinder K.; Ghosh, Amit; Saksena, Seema; Borthakur, Alip; Hecht, Gail A.; Dudeja, Pradeep K.; Alrefai, Waddah A.
Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) is responsible for the absorption of bile acids from the intestine. A decrease in ASBT function and expression has been implicated in diarrhea associated with intestinal inflammation. Whether infection with pathogenic microorganisms such as the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) affect ASBT activity is not known. EPEC is a food-borne enteric pathogen that translocates bacterial effector molecules via type three secretion system (TTSS) into host cells and is a major cause of infantile diarrhea. We investigated the effects of EPEC infection on ileal ASBT function utilizing human intestinal Caco2 cells and HEK-293 cells stably transfected...
131.
Ret heterozygous mice have enhanced intestinal adaptation after massive small bowel resection - Hitch, Meredith C.; Leinicke, Jennifer A.; Wakeman, Derek; Guo, Jun; Erwin, Chris R.; Rowland, Kathryn J.; Merrick, Ellen C.; Heuckeroth, Robert O.; Warner, Brad W.
Intestinal adaptation is an important compensatory response to massive small bowel resection (SBR) and occurs because of a proliferative stimulus to crypt enterocytes by poorly understood mechanisms. Recent studies suggest the enteric nervous system (ENS) influences enterocyte proliferation. We, therefore, sought to determine whether ENS dysfunction alters resection-induced adaptation responses. Ret+/− mice with abnormal ENS function and wild-type (WT) littermates underwent sham surgery or 50% SBR. After 7 days, ileal morphology, enterocyte proliferation, apoptosis, and selected signaling proteins were characterized. Crypt depth and villus height were equivalent at baseline in WT and Ret+/− mice. In contrast after SBR, Ret+/− mice...
132.
3-D illustration of network orientations of interstitial cells of Cajal subgroups in human colon as revealed by deep-tissue imaging with optical clearing - Liu, Yuan-An; Chung, Yuan-Chiang; Pan, Shien-Tung; Hou, Yung-Chi; Peng, Shih-Jung; Pasricha, Pankaj J.; Tang, Shiue-Cheng
Morphological changes of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) have been proposed to characterize motility disorders. However, a global view of the network orientations of ICC subgroups has not been established to illustrate their three-dimensional (3-D) architectures in the human colon. In this research, we integrate c-kit immunostaining, 3-D microscopy with optical clearing, and image rendering to present the location-dependent network orientations with high definition. Full-depth colonic tissues were obtained from colectomies performed for nonobstructing carcinoma. Specimens of colon wall were prepared away from the tumor site. C-kit and nuclear fluorescent staining were used to identify the ICC processes and cell...
133.
P2X7 receptor-mediated purinergic signaling promotes liver injury in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in mice - Hoque, Rafaz; Sohail, Muhammed Adnan; Salhanick, Steven; Malik, Ahsan F.; Ghani, Ayaz; Robson, Simon C.; Mehal, Wajahat Z.
Inflammation contributes to liver injury in acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity in mice and is triggered by stimulation of immune cells. The purinergic receptor P2X7 is upstream of the nod-like receptor family, pryin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in immune cells and is activated by ATP and NAD that serve as damage-associated molecular patterns. APAP hepatotoxicity was assessed in mice genetically deficient in P2X7, the key inflammatory receptor for nucleotides (P2X7−/−), and in wild-type mice. P2X7−/− mice had significantly decreased APAP-induced liver necrosis. In addition, APAP-poisoned mice were treated with the specific P2X7 antagonist A438079 or etheno-NAD, a competitive antagonist of NAD. Pre-...
134.
Neural and neuro-immune mechanisms of visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome - Feng, Bin; La, Jun Ho; Schwartz, Erica S.; Gebhart, G. F.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized as functional because a pathobiological cause is not readily apparent. Considerable evidence, however, documents that sensitizing proinflammatory and lipotoxic lipids, mast cells and their products, tryptases, enteroendocrine cells, and mononuclear phagocytes and their receptors are increased in tissues of IBS patients with colorectal hypersensitivity. It is also clear from recordings in animals of the colorectal afferent innervation that afferents exhibit long-term changes in models of persistent colorectal hypersensitivity. Such changes in afferent excitability and responses to mechanical stimuli are consistent with relief of discomfort and pain in IBS patients, including relief of referred abdominal...
135.
DMT1 (IRE) expression in intestinal and erythroid cells is regulated by peripheral benzodiazepine receptor-associated protein 7 - Okazaki, Yasumasa; Ma, Yuxiang; Yeh, Mary; Yin, Hong; Li, Zhen; Yeh, Kwo-yih; Glass, Jonathan
The divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) is essential for cellular uptake of iron, mediating iron absorption across the duodenal brush border membrane. We have previously shown that with iron feeding DMT1 in the brush border membrane undergoes endocytosis into the subapical compartment of enterocytes. To understand the mechanisms of iron-induced endocytosis of DMT1, we used the yeast two-hybrid system to find proteins that interact with DMT1 and isolated from a rat duodenal cDNA library a protein that interacts specifically with the IRE containing isoform of DMT1 {DMT1 [iron-responsive element (IRE)]}. The protein (Genbank AY336075) is 97.5% identical with peripheral benzodiazepine...
136.
Activation of two distinct Sox9-EGFP-expressing intestinal stem cell populations during crypt regeneration after irradiation - Van Landeghem, Laurianne; Santoro, M. Agostina; Krebs, Adrienne E.; Mah, Amanda T.; Dehmer, Jeffrey J.; Gracz, Adam D.; Scull, Brooks P.; McNaughton, Kirk; Magness, Scott T.; Lund, P. Kay
Recent identification of intestinal epithelial stem cell (ISC) markers and development of ISC reporter mice permit visualization and isolation of regenerating ISCs after radiation to define their functional and molecular phenotypes. Previous studies in uninjured intestine of Sox9-EGFP reporter mice demonstrate that ISCs express low levels of Sox9-EGFP (Sox9-EGFP Low), whereas enteroendocrine cells (EEC) express high levels of Sox9-EGFP (Sox9-EGFP High). We hypothesized that Sox9-EGFP Low ISCs would expand after radiation, exhibit enhanced proliferative capacities, and adopt a distinct gene expression profile associated with rapid proliferation. Sox9-EGFP mice were given 14 Gy abdominal radiation and studied between days 3 and...
137.
Oncogenic KRAS regulates BMP4 expression in colon cancer cell lines - Duerr, Eva-Maria; Mizukami, Yusuke; Moriichi, Kentaro; Gala, Manish; Jo, Won-Seok; Kikuchi, Hirotoshi; Xavier, Ramnik J.; Chung, Daniel C.
Activating mutations in the KRAS oncogene are common in colorectal cancer. However, the complete spectrum of KRAS targets that mediate its tumorigenic effect has not yet been fully delineated. We identified bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4), a transforming growth factor-β family member that regulates development and tissue homeostasis, as a new target of KRAS. In SW480, Hela, and 293 cells, oncogenic KRASV12 downregulated BMP4 RNA levels, a BMP4 promoter luciferase construct, and Bmp4 protein levels. The MEK inhibitor PD98059 but not the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 blocked this downregulation of BMP4. To identify the region of the BMP4 promoter that...
138.
L-arginine uptake by cationic amino acid transporter 2 is essential for colonic epithelial cell restitution - Singh, Kshipra; Coburn, Lori A.; Barry, Daniel P.; Boucher, Jean-Luc; Chaturvedi, Rupesh; Wilson, Keith T.
Restoration of the colonic epithelial barrier is an important response during colitis. L-arginine (L-Arg) is a semiessential amino acid that reduces murine colitis induced by Citrobacter rodentium. Cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) proteins increase L-Arg uptake into cells. L-Arg is utilized to produce nitric oxide (NO), by inducible NO synthase (iNOS), or L-ornithine (L-Orn) by arginase (Arg) enzymes. The latter is followed by generation of polyamines by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and L-proline (L-Pro) by ornithine aminotransferase (OAT). We show that L-Arg enhanced epithelial restitution in conditionally immortalized young adult mouse colon (YAMC) cells in a wound repair model, and in...
139.
Bile acids via FXR initiate the expression of major transporters involved in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in newborn mice - Cui, Julia Yue; Aleksunes, Lauren M.; Tanaka, Yuji; Fu, Zidong Donna; Guo, Ying; Guo, Grace Liejun; Lu, Hong; Zhong, Xiao-bo; Klaassen, Curtis D.
The enterohepatic circulation (EHC) of bile acids (BAs) plays a pivotal role in facilitating lipid absorption. Therefore, initiation of the EHC in newborns is of crucial importance for lipid absorption from milk. The purpose of this study was to determine at what age BA transporters in liver are expressed, and the mechanism for their initiation. Serum and liver samples were collected from C57BL/6 mice at 2 days before birth and various postnatal ages. Messenger RNA assays revealed a dramatic increase at birth in the expression of the BA transporters (Ntcp, Bsep, Mrp4, Ostβ), as well as the phospholipid floppase Mdr2...
140.
Mitochondrial DNA polymerase editing mutation, PolgD257A, disturbs stem-progenitor cell cycling in the small intestine and restricts excess fat absorption - Fox, Raymond G.; Magness, Scott; Kujoth, Gregory C.; Prolla, Tomas A.; Maeda, Nobuyo
Changes in intestinal absorption of nutrients are important aspects of the aging process. To address this issue, we investigated the impact of accelerated mitochondrial DNA mutations on the stem/progenitor cells in the crypts of Lieberkühn in mice homozygous for a mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma mutation, PolgD257A, that exhibit accelerated aging phenotype. As early as 3–7 mo of age, the small intestine was significantly enlarged in the PolgD257A mice. The crypts of the PolgD257A mice contained 20% more cells than those of their wild-type littermates and exhibited a 10-fold increase in cellular apoptosis primarily in the stem/progenitor cell zones. Actively dividing...
121.
