181.
Cecropin P1 and novel nematode cecropins: a bacteria-inducible antimicrobial peptide family in the nematode Ascaris suum
- Pillai, Ajitha; Ueno, Satoshi; Zhang, Hong; Lee, Jae Min; Kato, Yusuke
Cecropin P1 was first identified as a mammalian antimicrobial peptide isolated from the pig intestine. Much research aimed at characterizing this peptide has been reported. Recently, the workers who discovered the peptide corrected their original conclusion, and confirmed that this peptide originates in fact from the pig intestinal parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum. In the present study, we carried out a semi-exhaustive search for bacteria-inducible transcripts in A. suum by the cDNA subtraction method. The transcripts encoding cecropin P1 and novel Ascaris cecropins, designated cecropins P2, P3 and P4, were found to be positively induced factors. Chemically synthesized Ascaris cecropins were...
182.
Cecropin P1 and novel nematode cecropins: a bacteria-inducible antimicrobial peptide family in the nematode Ascaris suum
- Pillai, Ajitha; Ueno, Satoshi; Zhang, Hong; Lee, Jae Min; Kato, Yusuke
Cecropin P1 was first identified as a mammalian antimicrobial peptide isolated from the pig intestine. Much research aimed at characterizing this peptide has been reported. Recently, the workers who discovered the peptide corrected their original conclusion, and confirmed that this peptide originates in fact from the pig intestinal parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum. In the present study, we carried out a semi-exhaustive search for bacteria-inducible transcripts in A. suum by the cDNA subtraction method. The transcripts encoding cecropin P1 and novel Ascaris cecropins, designated cecropins P2, P3 and P4, were found to be positively induced factors. Chemically synthesized Ascaris cecropins were...
183.
Resistance of Free-Living Nematodes to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin
- Chang, Shih L.; Hall, Herbert E.
The usefulness of free-living nematodes for assaying staphylococcal enterotoxin was evaluated with a 98% pure enterotoxin B on five different nematodes. Included in the evaluation was an enterotoxin B in a crude culture filtrate. The filtrate of a culture of nonenterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus, the uninoculated respective broth media, and distilled water were used as controls. The purified enterotoxin was found to exert no toxic effects at dosages ranging from 10 to 1,000 ?g/ml for as long as 24 hr. Utilization of the toxin-protein by these nematodes was evidenced by their propagation after exposure times longer than 24 hr....
184.
Resistance of Free-Living Nematodes to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin
- Chang, Shih L.; Hall, Herbert E.
The usefulness of free-living nematodes for assaying staphylococcal enterotoxin was evaluated with a 98% pure enterotoxin B on five different nematodes. Included in the evaluation was an enterotoxin B in a crude culture filtrate. The filtrate of a culture of nonenterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus, the uninoculated respective broth media, and distilled water were used as controls. The purified enterotoxin was found to exert no toxic effects at dosages ranging from 10 to 1,000 ?g/ml for as long as 24 hr. Utilization of the toxin-protein by these nematodes was evidenced by their propagation after exposure times longer than 24 hr....
185.
Parasitic Nematodes Modulate PIN-Mediated Auxin Transport to Facilitate Infection
- Grunewald, Wim; Cannoot, Bernard; Friml, Jiří; Gheysen, Godelieve
Plant-parasitic nematodes are destructive plant pathogens that cause significant yield losses. They induce highly specialized feeding sites (NFS) in infected plant roots from which they withdraw nutrients. In order to establish these NFS, it is thought that the nematodes manipulate the molecular and physiological pathways of their hosts. Evidence is accumulating that the plant signalling molecule auxin is involved in the initiation and development of the feeding sites of sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes. Intercellular transport of auxin is essential for various aspects of plant growth and development. Here, we analysed the spatial and temporal expression of PIN auxin transporters during the...
186.
wsp Gene sequences from the Wolbachia of filarial nematodes
- Bazzocchi, Chiara; Jamnongluk, Wanwisa; O'Neill, Scott L.; Anderson, Tim J. C.; Genchi, Claudio; Bandi, Claudio
Wolbachia endosymbiotic bacteria are widespread in arthropods and are also present in filarial nematodes. Almost all filarial species so far examined have been found to harbor these endosymbionts. The sequences of only three genes have been published for nematode Wolbachia (i.e., the genes coding for the proteins FtsZ and catalase and for 16S rRNA). Here we present the sequences of the genes coding for the Wolbachia surface protein (WSP) from the endosymbionts of eight species of filaria. Complete gene sequences were obtained from the endosymbionts of two different species, Dirofilaria immitis and Brugia malayi. These sequences allowed us to design...
187.
The incidence of plant-parasitic nematodes on sugarcane in Queensland, and studies on pathogenicity and associated crop losses, with particular emphasis on lesion nematode (Pratylenchus Zeae
- Blair, Brenden Leslie
In Queensland, sugarcane has been cropped as a monoculture for 80 years or more in most districts. In the last 30 years, plough-out and replant (no fallow) has increased, as has reliance upon inorganic fertilisers, and intensive tillage to remove soil compaction. An associated decline in the productive capacity of the soil to grow sugarcane has been identified, and has been termed ‘yield decline’ (YD). Root health and sugarcane yields are increased after fallowing, crop rotation, and soil fumigants (Magarey and Croft 1995; Garside et al. 2001; Meyer and Van Antwerpen 2001), implicating root pathogens in YD. However, in the...
188.
A New Root-Knot Nematode Parasitizing Sea Rocket from Spanish Mediterranean Coastal Dunes: Meloidogyne dunensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae)
- Palomares Rius, Juan E.; Troccoli, Alberto; Vovlas, Nicola; Liébanas, Gracia; Landa, Blanca B.; Castillo, Pablo
High infection rates of European sea rocket feeder roots by an unknown root-knot nematode were found in a coastal dune soil at Cullera (Valencia) in central eastern Spain. Morphometry, esterase and malate dehydrogenase electrophoretic phenotypes and phylogenetic trees demonstrated that this nematode species differs clearly from other previously described root-knot nematodes. Studies of host-parasite relationships showed a typical susceptible reaction in naturally infected European sea rocket plants and in artificially inoculated tomato (cv. Roma) and chickpea (cv. UC 27) plants. The species is herein described and illustrated and named as Meloidogyne dunensis n. sp. The new root-knot nematode can be...
189.
Bacterial parasite of a plant nematode: morphology and ultrastructure.
- Sayre, R M; Wergin, W P
The life cycle of a bacterial endoparasite of the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The infective stage begins with the attachment of an endospore to the surface of the nematode. A germ tube then penetrates the cuticle, and mycelil colonies form in the pseudocoelom. Sporulation is initiated when terminal cells of the mycelium enlarge to form sporangia. A septum within each sporangium divides the forespore from the basal or parasporal portion of the cell. The forespore becomes enclosed by several laminar coats. The parasporal cell remains attached to the forespore and forms the...
190.
Bacterial parasite of a plant nematode: morphology and ultrastructure.
- Sayre, R M; Wergin, W P
The life cycle of a bacterial endoparasite of the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The infective stage begins with the attachment of an endospore to the surface of the nematode. A germ tube then penetrates the cuticle, and mycelil colonies form in the pseudocoelom. Sporulation is initiated when terminal cells of the mycelium enlarge to form sporangia. A septum within each sporangium divides the forespore from the basal or parasporal portion of the cell. The forespore becomes enclosed by several laminar coats. The parasporal cell remains attached to the forespore and forms the...
191.
Nematodos de los arrecifes de Isla Mujeres y Banco Chinchorro, Quintana Roo, México
- Jesús Navarrete, Alberto de
Para conocer la composición de los Nematoda de vida libre, se recolectaron muestras en tres sitios en Isla Mujeres y cuatro sitios en Banco Chinchorro, Quintana Roo, México. En Isla Mujeres, se identificaron 34 géneros que correspondieron a 17 familias y tres órdenes. El orden Chromadorida, fue el mejor representado con 20 géneros, seguido por el orden Monhysterida con ocho géneros y el orden Enoplida con seis. La familia Desmodoridae tuvo el mayor número de géneros (cinco). Los géneros más abundantes (individuos 0,001m-2) fueron: Terchellingia longicaudata (34), Spirinia parasitifera (23), Croconema cincta (22), Eubostrichus porosum (20) y Xyala riemmani (18)....
192.
Sex-determination gene and pathway evolution in nematodes. BioEssay
- Paul Stothard; Dave Pilgrim
The pathway that controls sexual fate in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been well characterized at the molecular level. By identifying differences between the sex-determination mechanisms in C. elegans and other nematode species, it should be possible to understand how complex sex-determining pathways evolve. Towards this goal, orthologues of many of the C. elegans sex regulators have been isolated from other members of the genus Caenorhabditis. Rapid sequence evolution is observed in every case, but several of the orthologues appear to have conserved sex-determining roles. Thus extensive sequence divergence does not necessarily coincide with changes in pathway structure, although the...
193.
Codon usage patterns in Nematoda: analysis based on over 25 million codons in thirty-two species
- Mitreva, Makedonka; Wendl, Michael C; Martin, John; Wylie, Todd; Yin, Yong; Larson, Allan; Parkinson, John; Waterston, Robert H; McCarter, James P
A codon usage table for 32 nematode species is presented and suggests that total genomic GC content drives codon usage.
194.
Analysis and functional classification of transcripts from the nematode Meloidogyne incognita
- McCarter, James P; Dautova Mitreva, Makedonka; Martin, John; Dante, Mike; Wylie, Todd; Rao, Uma; Pape, Deana; Bowers, Yvette; Theising, Brenda; Murphy, Claire V; Kloek, Andrew P; Chiapelli, Brandi J; Clifton, Sandra W; Bird, David Mck; Waterston, Robert H
As an entrée to characterizing plant parasitic nematode genomes, 5,700 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the infective second-stage larvae (L2) of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita have been analyzed. In addition to identifying putative nematode-specific and Tylenchida-specific genes, sequencing revealed previously uncharacterized horizontal gene transfer candidates in Meloidogyne with high identity to rhizobacterial genes.
195.
Analysis and functional classification of transcripts from the nematode Meloidogyne incognita
- McCarter, James P; Dautova Mitreva, Makedonka; Martin, John; Dante, Mike; Wylie, Todd; Rao, Uma; Pape, Deana; Bowers, Yvette; Theising, Brenda; Murphy, Claire V; Kloek, Andrew P; Chiapelli, Brandi J; Clifton, Sandra W; Bird, David Mck; Waterston, Robert H
As an entrée to characterizing plant parasitic nematode genomes, 5,700 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the infective second-stage larvae (L2) of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita have been analyzed. In addition to identifying putative nematode-specific and Tylenchida-specific genes, sequencing revealed previously uncharacterized horizontal gene transfer candidates in Meloidogyne with high identity to rhizobacterial genes.
196.
Effect of Nematodes on Rhizosphere Colonization by Seed-Applied Bacteria
- Knox, Oliver G. G.; Killham, Ken; Artz, Rebekka R. E.; Mullins, Chris; Wilson, Michael
There is much interest in the use of seed-applied bacteria for biocontrol and biofertilization, and several commercial products are available. However, many attempts to use this strategy fail because the seed-applied bacteria do not colonize the rhizosphere. Mechanisms of rhizosphere colonization may involve active bacterial movement or passive transport by percolating water or plant roots. Transport by other soil biota is likely to occur, but this area has not been well studied. We hypothesized that interactions with soil nematodes may enhance colonization. To test this hypothesis, a series of microcosm experiments was carried out using two contrasting soils maintained under...
197.
Overwintering of Bovine Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Southwestern Ontario
- Slocombe, J. O. D.
Several steers, reared in isolation until approximately six months of age, were placed on a small isolated enclosed pasture from late spring to late fall of 1970, 1971 and 1972. The pasture was left vacant and unused during the winters and early springs. The pasture had been used in previous years by cattle, and in the late spring of 1970 was grazed by cattle know to be passing gastrointestinal nematode eggs in their feces. The steers were slaughtered periodically, and the prevalence of nematode species in the abomasum, small intestine, and large intestine, was determined from random samples of up...
198.
SR proteins are required for nematode trans-splicing in vitro.
- Sanford, J R; Bruzik, J P
SR (ser/arg) proteins have been shown to play roles in numerous aspects of pre-mRNA splicing, including modulation of alternative splicing, commitment of substrates to the splicing pathway, and splice site communication. The last of these, splice site communication, is particularly relevant to trans-splicing in which the 5' and 3' exons originate on separate molecules. The participation of SR proteins in naturally occurring, spliced leader RNA-dependent transsplicing has not been examined. Here, we have isolated SR proteins from an organism that performs both trans- and cis-splicing, the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides. To examine their activity in in vitro splicing reactions, we have...
199.
Centrosome duplication and nematodes: recent insights from an old relationship
- Gönczy, P.; Leidel, S.
Centrosome duplication is required for proper cell division, and centriole formation is a key step in this process. This review discusses recent studies in C. elegans that have identified five core proteins required for centriole formation, thus shedding light into the mechanisms underlying centrosome duplication in nematodes and beyond.
200.
Effect of Nematodes on Rhizosphere Colonization by Seed-Applied Bacteria
- Knox, Oliver G. G.; Killham, Ken; Artz, Rebekka R. E.; Mullins, Chris; Wilson, Michael
There is much interest in the use of seed-applied bacteria for biocontrol and biofertilization, and several commercial products are available. However, many attempts to use this strategy fail because the seed-applied bacteria do not colonize the rhizosphere. Mechanisms of rhizosphere colonization may involve active bacterial movement or passive transport by percolating water or plant roots. Transport by other soil biota is likely to occur, but this area has not been well studied. We hypothesized that interactions with soil nematodes may enhance colonization. To test this hypothesis, a series of microcosm experiments was carried out using two contrasting soils maintained under...
