82.
Ecology of urban lawns: the impact of establishment and management on plant species composition, soil food webs, and ecosystem functioning - Cheng, Zhiqiang
Turfgrass lawns are a central part of urban and suburban landscapes throughout North America. Although they provide numerous benefits, urban lawns have become chemical input intensive systems with routine application of fertilizers and pesticides. These inputs are expensive and are considered a source of environmental pollution and health risk. However, very little is known about the impacts of chemical inputs on turfgrass soil ecology and ecosystem functioning. Our four objectives in this study were to: 1) compare turfgrass establishment, nutrient pools, and nematode community in subsoil and topsoil, with or without compost amendment; 2) determine the effects of nitrogen fertilization...
83.
Parasites of fish at Lake Tana, Ethiopia - Yimer, Eshetu; Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute PO Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,; esyima_n@yahoo.com; Enyew, Mulualem; University of Massachusetts, Paige Lab. Amherst,;
This study was conducted at Lake Tana Ethiopia, to identify parasites of fish from a total of 1766 fish of different species sampled during 19981999. The study showed that Contracaecum spp. were the most common larval nematode parasite that were identified from the mesentery of 52 (41.94%) Catfish (Clarias gariepinus), 17(24.64%) Barbus acutirostris, 102 (9.44%) Barbus tsanensis, 14(12.84%) Barbus brevicephalus, and from the pericardial cavity of 52 (59.8%) Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The other larval nematodes identified from the mesentery included Amplicaecum spp. and Eustrongylides spp. Cuccullanus spp. (new geographic record) were recovered from the intestinal lumen of 2(0.19%) B....
84.
Histological comparisons of Fergusobia/Fergusonina-induced galls on different Myrtaceous hosts - Giblin-Davis, Robin M.; Center, B. J.; Davies, Kerrie A.; Purcell, M.; Scheffer, S. J.; Taylor, Gary Stewart; Goolsby, J. A.; Center, T. D.
The putative mutualism between different host-specific Fergusobia nematodes and Fergusonina flies is manifested in a variety of gall types involving shoot or inflorescence buds, individual flower buds, stems, or young leaves in the plant family Myrtaceae. Different types of galls in the early-to-middle stages of development, with host-specific species of Fergusobia/Fergusonina, were collected from Australian members of the subfamily Leptospermoideae (six species of Eucalyptus, two species of Corymbia, and seven species of broad-leaved Melaleuca). Galls were sectioned and histologically examined to assess morphological changes induced by nematode/fly mutualism. The different gall forms were characterized into four broad categories: (i) individual...
85.
Nematodos fitoparásitos en viveros de olivo - Castillo, P.; Nico, A. I.; Rapoport, Hava F.; Jiménez-Díaz, R. M.
Se ha estudiado la frecuencia y densidad de población de nematodos fitoparásitos en 259 muestras de suelo y raíces recogidas en 18 viveros de olivo en las provincias de Córdoba, Jaén y Sevilla. Las especies de mayor interés fitopatológico, en orden de frecuencia decreciente de infestación, fueron Mesocriconema xenoplax (39,0%),
Pratylenchus penetrans (32,1%), P. vulnus (25,9%), Meloidogyne incognita (14,7%), M. javanica (11,2%) y M. arenaria (2,7%). En las plantas infectadas no se detectaron síntomas de enfermedad en la parte aérea. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los viveros las densidades de población de Pratylenchus spp. y Meloidogyne spp. estuvieron en niveles...
86.
Objectives - A. Phylum Cnidaria,B. Phylum Ctenophora,A. Phylum Platyhelminthes,B. Phylum Nemertea,A. Phylum Rotifera,B. Phylum Nematoda,A. Phylum Mollusca,C. Phylum Annelida,C. Trilobites
t should be able to:
1. List characteristics that distinguish animals from organisms in the other four kingdoms.
2. Distinguish between radial and bilateral symmetry.
3. Outline the major phylogenetic branches of the animal kingdom, which are based upon grade of
organization; symmetry and embryonic germ layers; absence or presence of a body cavity; and
protostome-deuterostome dichotomy.
4. Distinguish among acoelomate, pseudocoelomate and coelomate.
5. Distinguish between spiral and radial cleavage; determinant and indeterminate cleavage;
schizocoelous and enterocoelous.
6. Compare developmental differences between protostomes and deuterostomes including:
a. Plane of cleavage. c. Fate of the blastopore.
b. Determination. d. Coelom formation.
7. From a diagram, identify the parts of a sponge and...
87.
Review Article
Free-living limnic nemafauna of Ethiopia: a review of the species reported outside the Rift Valley - Abebe, Eyualem; Department of Biology, Bahir Dar University
PO Box 223 Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
;
The available information on free-living limnic nematodes from Ethiopia is reviewed with special emphasis on those reported outside the Rift Valley, for which species are listed with their corresponding sites of occurrence. The families Monhysteridae, Dorylaimidae, and Tobrilidae comprise more than half of the total of 91 species hitherto reported from Ethiopia. Among 69 species reported outside the Rift Valley, a similar trend of dominance is observed. Of these, about a quarter of the species have never been reported out of their corresponding type localities (in Ethiopia). Most of the remaining are either cosmopolitan or have been reported earlier from...
88.
Heterodera schachtii, el nematodo del quiste de la remolacha - Gutiérrez Sosa, M.; Castillo, Pablo
Los nematodos fitoparasitos estan ampliamente distribuidos
en suelos naturales y cultivados de todas las regiones
del mundo. De hecho, cualquier planta
cultivada puede sufrir un perjuicio importante en su
crecimiento cuando existen elevadas densidades de poblaci6n
de estos microorganismos en suelo ylo farCeS
de sus huespedes. EI nematodo del quiste de la remolacha
Heterodera schacht;; constituye uno de 105 principales
problemas fitopatol6gicos de este cultivo en todo
el mundo. Aunque ultimamente no se han realizado estudios
sistematizados para determinar la importancia e
incidencia de este nematodo en la remolacha azucarera
del Sur de Espana, las recientes observaciones de tecnicos
y agricultores indican un incremento de las
infecciones par este nematodo en determinadas areas
remolacheras. Este...
89.
Strategies for Nematode Transmission: - Selective Migration Of; L. M. Saunders; D. M. Tompkins; P. J. Hudson
Successful transmission of macroparasites is dependent on exposure of susceptible hosts to free-living infective stages. When these hosts are herbivores that feed mostly on a single food plant then natural selection should favour those infective larvae that selectively ascend this main food plant. Red grouse feed predominantly on heather, Calluna vulgaris, so we predict that the infective larvae (L3) of the caecal nematode Trichostrongylus tenuis selectively locate and ascend heather plants. To determine whether the presence of heather influences the horizontal dispersal of T. tenuis L3 across soil, the movement of L3 across trays of soil with and without heather...
90.
Compatibilidad de los Nematodos Entomopatógenos (Rhabditida:Steinernematidae y Heterorhabditidae) con el Oxamilo - García del Pino, Fernando; Palomo Soriano, C.
Se analiza la compatibilidad de los nematodos entomopatógenos y el oxamilo con el fin de conocer la posibilidad de su aplicación conjunta en un Control Integrado de Plagas. Mediante estudios de mortalidad e infectividad, se analizó la respuesta de los nematodos entomopatógenos Steinernema sp. (S2) y Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (P4) al ser expuestos a diversas concentraciones de oxamilo, comparándola con la del nematodo libre bacteriófago Pelodera teres Las dos especies de nematodos entomopatógenos resultaron significativamente más resistentes que la especie no entomopatógena, obteniendo una baja mortalidad, especialmente de Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Se ha puesto de manifiesto la importancia de la doble cutícula...
91.
Erradicación de nematodos noduladores en sustratos viverísticos - Jiménez Díaz, Rafael Manuel; Castillo, P.; Nico, A. I.
Uno de los problemas a los que se enfrenta el olivar es el de los nematodos fitoparásitos, el cual hay que evitar desde el mismo vivero. En el caso de que el viverista encuentre dificultades para adquirir sustratos de propagación garantizados, deberá realizar prácticas que aseguren la eliminación de estos agentes infectivos. En este artículo se evalúan dos prácticas de saneamiento respetuosas con el medio ambiente: la solarización del sustrato apilado y el uso de enmiendas orgánicas.
92.
Novel Nematode Amber Suppressors - Hodgkin, Jonathan
Nine amber suppressor mutations were isolated in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans by reverting amber alleles of a sex-determining gene, tra-3. One suppressor maps to a known locus, sup-5 III , but the other eight map to three new loci, sup-21 X (five alleles), sup-22 IV (two alleles) and sup-23 IV (one allele). Amber alleles of tra-3 and of a dumpy gene, dpy-20, were used to measure the efficiency of suppression; the sup-21 and the sup-22 alleles were both shown to be heterogeneous and generally weaker suppressors than sup-5 alleles, which are homogeneous. The spectrum of mutations suppressed by a strong...
93.
Novel Nematode Amber Suppressors - Hodgkin, Jonathan
Nine amber suppressor mutations were isolated in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans by reverting amber alleles of a sex-determining gene, tra-3. One suppressor maps to a known locus, sup-5 III , but the other eight map to three new loci, sup-21 X (five alleles), sup-22 IV (two alleles) and sup-23 IV (one allele). Amber alleles of tra-3 and of a dumpy gene, dpy-20, were used to measure the efficiency of suppression; the sup-21 and the sup-22 alleles were both shown to be heterogeneous and generally weaker suppressors than sup-5 alleles, which are homogeneous. The spectrum of mutations suppressed by a strong...
96.
Intestinal nematodes and pulmonary tuberculosis - Tristão-Sá,Ricardo; Ribeiro-Rodrigues,Rodrigo; Johnson,Luciléia T.; Pereira,Fausto Edmundo L.; Dietze,Reynaldo
We report a significantly higher prevalence of intestinal nematodes in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) compared to a matched control group: 33/57 (57.8%) in patients with TB and 18/86 (20.9%) in the control group; OR=5.19; 95% CI= 2.33-11.69; p=0.000). When TB patients eosinophilia was also significantly higher among those with intestinal parasites (69.8%) compared to those without this condition (45.6%). We hypothesized that the immune modulation induced by nematodes is a factor that enhances TB infection/progression and that eosinophilia seen in TB patients is a consequence of helminth infection.
97.
Nematode symbiont for Photorhabdus asymbiotica - Gerrard, J. G.; Joyce, S. A.; Clarke, D. J.; Ffrench-Constant, R. H.; Nimmo, G. R.; Looke, D. F. M.; Feil, E. J.; Pearce, L.; Waterfield, N. R.
Photorhabdus asymbiotica is an emerging bacterial pathogen that causes locally invasive soft tissue and disseminated bacteremic infections in the United States and Australia. Although the source of infection was previously unknown, we report that the bacterium is found in a symbiotic association with an insect-pathogenic soil nematode of the genus Heterorhabditis.
98.
Bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins that target nematodes - Wei, Jun-Zhi; Hale, Kristina; Carta, Lynn; Platzer, Edward; Wong, Cynthie; Fang, Su-Chiung; Aroian, Raffi V.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystal proteins are pore-forming toxins used as insecticides around the world. Previously, the extent to which these proteins might also target the invertebrate phylum Nematoda has been mostly ignored. We have expressed seven different crystal toxin proteins from two largely unstudied Bt crystal protein subfamilies. By assaying their toxicity on diverse free-living nematode species, we demonstrate that four of these crystal proteins are active against multiple nematode species and that each nematode species tested is susceptible to at least one toxin. We also demonstrate that a rat intestinal nematode is susceptible to some of the nematicidal crystal...
99.
Bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins that target nematodes - Wei, Jun-Zhi; Hale, Kristina; Carta, Lynn; Platzer, Edward; Wong, Cynthie; Fang, Su-Chiung; Aroian, Raffi V.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystal proteins are pore-forming toxins used as insecticides around the world. Previously, the extent to which these proteins might also target the invertebrate phylum Nematoda has been mostly ignored. We have expressed seven different crystal toxin proteins from two largely unstudied Bt crystal protein subfamilies. By assaying their toxicity on diverse free-living nematode species, we demonstrate that four of these crystal proteins are active against multiple nematode species and that each nematode species tested is susceptible to at least one toxin. We also demonstrate that a rat intestinal nematode is susceptible to some of the nematicidal crystal...
81.
