41.
Infectious Rous Sarcoma Virus and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus DNAs
- Cooper, Geoffrey M.; Temin, Howard M.
An efficient and quantitative assay for infectious Rous sarcoma virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus DNAs is described. The specific infectivities of viral DNA corresponded to one infectious unit per 105 to 106 viral DNA molecules. Infection with viral DNA followed one-hit kinetics. The minimal size of infectious Rous sarcoma virus DNA was approximately 6 million daltons, whereas the minimal size of infectious reticuloendotheliosis virus DNA was larger, 10 to 20 million daltons.
42.
Two African Viruses Serologically and Morphologically Related to Rabies Virus
- Shope, Robert E.; Murphy, Frederick A.; Harrison, Alyne K.; Causey, Ottis R.; Kemp, Graham E.; Simpson, D. I. H.; Moore, Dorothy L.
Lagos bat virus and an isolate from shrews (IbAn 27377), both from Nigeria, were found to be bullet-shaped and to mature intracytoplasmically in association with a distinct matrix. They were related to, but readily distinguishable from, rabies virus and each other by complement fixation and neutralization tests. The three viruses, including rabies, form a subgrouping within the rhabdoviruses.
43.
Two African Viruses Serologically and Morphologically Related to Rabies Virus
- Shope, Robert E.; Murphy, Frederick A.; Harrison, Alyne K.; Causey, Ottis R.; Kemp, Graham E.; Simpson, D. I. H.; Moore, Dorothy L.
Lagos bat virus and an isolate from shrews (IbAn 27377), both from Nigeria, were found to be bullet-shaped and to mature intracytoplasmically in association with a distinct matrix. They were related to, but readily distinguishable from, rabies virus and each other by complement fixation and neutralization tests. The three viruses, including rabies, form a subgrouping within the rhabdoviruses.
44.
Virus Evolution
- Mark Stamp; Wing Wong; I. Metamorphic Software; Part I; Metamorphic Software; Fred Cohen
� Both good and evil uses II. Metamorphic virus construction kits III. How effective are metamorphic engines? � How to compare two pieces of code? � Similarity within and between virus families � Similarity to non-viral code IV. Can we detect metamorphic viruses? � Commercial virus scanners
45.
Proteins and Glycoproteins of Paramyxoviruses: a Comparison of Simian Virus 5, Newcastle Disease Virus, and Sendai Virus
- Mountcastle, Walter E.; Compans, Richard W.; Choppin, Purnell W.
The polypeptides of three paramyxoviruses (simian virus 5, Newcastle disease virus, and Sendai virus) were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Glycoproteins were identified by the use of radioactive glucosamine as a carbohydrate precursor. The protein patterns reveal similarities among the three viruses. Each virus contains at least five or six proteins, two of which are glycoproteins. Four of the proteins found in each virus share common features with corresponding proteins in the other two viruses, including similar molecular weights. These four proteins are the nucleocapsid protein (molecular weight 56,000 to 61,000), a larger glycoprotein (molecular weight 65,000 to 74,000), a...
46.
Proteins and Glycoproteins of Paramyxoviruses: a Comparison of Simian Virus 5, Newcastle Disease Virus, and Sendai Virus
- Mountcastle, Walter E.; Compans, Richard W.; Choppin, Purnell W.
The polypeptides of three paramyxoviruses (simian virus 5, Newcastle disease virus, and Sendai virus) were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Glycoproteins were identified by the use of radioactive glucosamine as a carbohydrate precursor. The protein patterns reveal similarities among the three viruses. Each virus contains at least five or six proteins, two of which are glycoproteins. Four of the proteins found in each virus share common features with corresponding proteins in the other two viruses, including similar molecular weights. These four proteins are the nucleocapsid protein (molecular weight 56,000 to 61,000), a larger glycoprotein (molecular weight 65,000 to 74,000), a...
47.
Phospholipid Composition of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus
- Heydrick, Fred P.; Comer, Joann F.; Wachter, Ralph F.
Phospholipid analyses of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus showed that virus propagated in L-cell monolayers had a higher sphingomyelin content and a lower phosphatidylcholine content than virus grown in chick fibroblast monolayers. Virus of L-cell origin also was found to possess greater thermal stability than virus derived from the chick fibroblast cell.
48.
Phospholipid Composition of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus
- Heydrick, Fred P.; Comer, Joann F.; Wachter, Ralph F.
Phospholipid analyses of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus showed that virus propagated in L-cell monolayers had a higher sphingomyelin content and a lower phosphatidylcholine content than virus grown in chick fibroblast monolayers. Virus of L-cell origin also was found to possess greater thermal stability than virus derived from the chick fibroblast cell.
49.
Phosphorylated Proteins of Sindbis Virus
- Waite, Marilynn R. F.; Lubin, Martin; Jones, Kenneth J.; Bose, Henry R.
The capsid and two membrane proteins of Sindbis virus, grown in chicken cells, contain 0.03 to 0.1 mol of phosphate per mol of protein.
50.
Phosphorylated Proteins of Sindbis Virus
- Waite, Marilynn R. F.; Lubin, Martin; Jones, Kenneth J.; Bose, Henry R.
The capsid and two membrane proteins of Sindbis virus, grown in chicken cells, contain 0.03 to 0.1 mol of phosphate per mol of protein.
51.
Nucleocapsid Protein Subunits of Simian Virus 5, Newcastle Disease Virus, and Sendai Virus 1
- Mountcastle, Walter E.; Compans, Richard W.; Caliguiri, Lawrence A.; Choppin, Purnell W.
Helical nucleocapsids of each of the paramyxoviruses simian virus 5 (SV5), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and Sendai virus have been isolated in two different forms. One form contains larger protein subunits and is obtained from mature virions or infected cells dispersed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The other form possesses smaller subunits and is obtained from infected cells dispersed by trypsin. The estimated molecular weights of the larger subunits in the three viruses are similar: SV5, 61,000; Sendai virus, 60,000; NDV, 56,000. The smaller nucleocapsid subunits are also very similar: SV5, 43,000; Sendai virus, 46,000; NDV, 47,000. The helical nucleocapsid composed of...
52.
Nucleocapsid Protein Subunits of Simian Virus 5, Newcastle Disease Virus, and Sendai Virus 1
- Mountcastle, Walter E.; Compans, Richard W.; Caliguiri, Lawrence A.; Choppin, Purnell W.
Helical nucleocapsids of each of the paramyxoviruses simian virus 5 (SV5), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and Sendai virus have been isolated in two different forms. One form contains larger protein subunits and is obtained from mature virions or infected cells dispersed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The other form possesses smaller subunits and is obtained from infected cells dispersed by trypsin. The estimated molecular weights of the larger subunits in the three viruses are similar: SV5, 61,000; Sendai virus, 60,000; NDV, 56,000. The smaller nucleocapsid subunits are also very similar: SV5, 43,000; Sendai virus, 46,000; NDV, 47,000. The helical nucleocapsid composed of...
53.
Replication of Sendai Virus: II. Steps in Virus Assembly
- Blair, Carol D.; Robinson, William S.
Chick embryo fibroblast cultures infected with Sendai virus were incubated with 3H-uridine in the presence of actinomycin D beginning at 18 hr after infection. The 35 and 18S virus-specific ribonucleic acid (RNA) components were found in a ribonuclease-sensitive form in the cell and appeared to be associated with polyribosomes. Newly synthesized 57S viral RNA was rapidly coated with protein to form intracellular viral nucleocapsid, and no 57S RNA was found free (ribonucleasesensitive) in the 2,000 × g supernatant fraction of disrupted cells. The nucleocapsid from detergent-disrupted Sendai virus and that from disrupted cells were indistinguishable in ultrastructure and buoyant density,...
54.
Replication of Sendai Virus: II. Steps in Virus Assembly
- Blair, Carol D.; Robinson, William S.
Chick embryo fibroblast cultures infected with Sendai virus were incubated with 3H-uridine in the presence of actinomycin D beginning at 18 hr after infection. The 35 and 18S virus-specific ribonucleic acid (RNA) components were found in a ribonuclease-sensitive form in the cell and appeared to be associated with polyribosomes. Newly synthesized 57S viral RNA was rapidly coated with protein to form intracellular viral nucleocapsid, and no 57S RNA was found free (ribonucleasesensitive) in the 2,000 × g supernatant fraction of disrupted cells. The nucleocapsid from detergent-disrupted Sendai virus and that from disrupted cells were indistinguishable in ultrastructure and buoyant density,...
55.
Genome of Sindbis Virus
- Arif, B. M.; Faulkner, P.
32P-labeled ribonucleic acid (RNA) from purified Sindbis virus was examined for the presence of hidden breaks. Viral RNA was treated with acid at pH 2.9 or with formaldehyde and was analyzed on sucrose gradients or by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The sedimentation pattern and mobility on polyacrylamide gels of the 42S RNA was unaffected by heating and quick cooling and was not altered by denaturing agents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and urea. No evidence that Sindbis RNA is a polyaggregate of fragments was obtained. It is concluded that the genome consists of a continuous length of single-stranded polynucleotide.
56.
Genome of Sindbis Virus
- Arif, B. M.; Faulkner, P.
32P-labeled ribonucleic acid (RNA) from purified Sindbis virus was examined for the presence of hidden breaks. Viral RNA was treated with acid at pH 2.9 or with formaldehyde and was analyzed on sucrose gradients or by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The sedimentation pattern and mobility on polyacrylamide gels of the 42S RNA was unaffected by heating and quick cooling and was not altered by denaturing agents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and urea. No evidence that Sindbis RNA is a polyaggregate of fragments was obtained. It is concluded that the genome consists of a continuous length of single-stranded polynucleotide.
57.
Comparison of 6/94 Virus and Sendai Virus RNA by RNA-RNA Hybridization
- Kolakofsky, Daniel; Spahr, Pierre-Francois; Koprowski, Hilary
The genomic RNA of 6/94 virus, an agent isolated from the brains of multiple sclerosis patients, was studied for sequence homology by RNA-RNA hybridization with closely related Sendai virus and another paramyxovirus virus, Newcastle disease virus. It was found that the genomic RNA of 6/94 virus hybridizes equally as well to the virus-specific 18S RNA found in Sendai-infected cells as that of Sendai virus.
58.
Comparison of 6/94 Virus and Sendai Virus RNA by RNA-RNA Hybridization
- Kolakofsky, Daniel; Spahr, Pierre-Francois; Koprowski, Hilary
The genomic RNA of 6/94 virus, an agent isolated from the brains of multiple sclerosis patients, was studied for sequence homology by RNA-RNA hybridization with closely related Sendai virus and another paramyxovirus virus, Newcastle disease virus. It was found that the genomic RNA of 6/94 virus hybridizes equally as well to the virus-specific 18S RNA found in Sendai-infected cells as that of Sendai virus.
59.
Formation of Influenza Virus Proteins
- Klenk, Hans-Dieter; Rott, Rudolf
Eight virus-specific proteins have been found in chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with fowl plague virus. Among them are two glycoproteins which are the constituents of the hemagglutinin on the virus particle. They are derived from a large precursor glycoprotein by cleavage of a covalent linkage. The reaction can be blocked by the protease inhibitor diisopropylfluorophosphate and the amino acid analogue fluorophenylalanine. This indicates that a peptide bond is cleaved. If infected cells are kept at 25 C, a temperature at which virus maturation is inhibited, the precursor glycoprotein is cleaved at a significantly slower rate than at 37 C. It...
60.
Formation of Influenza Virus Proteins
- Klenk, Hans-Dieter; Rott, Rudolf
Eight virus-specific proteins have been found in chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with fowl plague virus. Among them are two glycoproteins which are the constituents of the hemagglutinin on the virus particle. They are derived from a large precursor glycoprotein by cleavage of a covalent linkage. The reaction can be blocked by the protease inhibitor diisopropylfluorophosphate and the amino acid analogue fluorophenylalanine. This indicates that a peptide bond is cleaved. If infected cells are kept at 25 C, a temperature at which virus maturation is inhibited, the precursor glycoprotein is cleaved at a significantly slower rate than at 37 C. It...
