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Mostrando recursos 181 - 200 de 23,883

181. Compositional Semantics for Linguistic Formalisms - Shuly Wintner
In what sense is a grammar the union of its rules? This paper adapts the notion of composition, well developed in the context of programming languages, to the domain of linguistic formalisms. We study alternative definitions for the semantics of such formalisms, suggesting a denotational semantics that we show to be compositional and fully-abstract. This facilitates a clear, mathematically sound way for defining grammar modularity. 1 Introduction Developing large scale grammars for natural languages is a complicated task, and the problems grammar engineers face when designing broad-coverage grammars are reminiscent of those tackled by software engineering (Erbach and Uszkoreit, 1990). Viewing contemporary linguistic formalisms as very high level declarative programming languages, a grammar for a natural language can be...

182. Deep Search in Linguistic Geometry - Boris Stilman
. This paper is a new step in the development and application of the Linguistic Geometry. We investigate heuristics extracted in the form of hierarchical networks of planning paths of autonomous agents. Employing Linguistic Geometry tools the dynamic hierarchy of networks is represented as a hierarchy of formal attribute languages. The main ideas of this methodology are shown in this paper on the new pilot example of the solution of the extremely complex 2D optimization problem for the autonomous vehicles for the aerospace problem domain. This example demonstrates the dramatic reduction of search in comparison with conventional search algorithms. multiagent goal-oriented systems should be developed and investigated. There are many such problems where human expert skills in...

183. A Linguistic Approach To Geometric Reasoning - Boris Stilman
The objective of the research considered in this paper is to develop a theoretical foundation for the representation of large-scale hierarchical complex systems, so-called Linguistic Geometry. The research relies on the formalization of heuristics of high-skilled human experts which have resulted in the development of successful decision support systems. This approach is based on a broad application of the theory of formal languages and grammars as well as theories of formal problem-solving and planning on the basis of the first-order predicate calculus. This paper reports new results in the investigation of geometricalproperties of the first-level subsystems (paths of elements) unified as Surface Linguistic Geometry. Theoretical constructions considered...

184. Integrating Text Planning and Linguistic - Robert Rubinoff
Introduction Programs that generate natural language have generally been divided into two largely independent components: a text planning component that organizes the information to be expressed, and a linguistic component that converts the information into grammatical sentences of some natural language (e.g., Thompson 1977; McKeown 1985; McDonald 1983; Meteer 1989; Reithinger 1990; Dale 1989). This division seems natural, and has indeed proven useful, because the two components deal with different kinds of data and involve different kinds of reasoning. The planning component reasons about information and text structures to plan a coherent discourse, while the linguistic component arranges the lexical elements and syntactic constructions available in some language to ensure...

185. Linguistic Reflection in Java - Graham Kirby,Ron Morrison,David Stemple
this paper is to show how this style of reflection may be provided in the compiled, strongly typed language Java and used as a paradigm for program generation. In particular, we describe how linguistic reflection may be used to build code Just-In-Time from a generic specification.

186. Linguistic Reflection in Java - Graham Kirby,Ron Morrison,David Stemple
Reflective systems allow their own structures to be altered from within. Here we are concerned with a style of reflection, called linguistic reflection, which is the ability of a running program to generate new program fragments and to integrate these into its own execution. In particular we describe how this kind of reflection may be provided in the compiler-based, strongly typed object-oriented programming language Java. The advantages of the programming technique include attaining high levels of genericity and accommodating system evolution. These advantages are illustrated by an example taken from persistent programming which shows how linguistic reflection allows functionality (program...

187. Towards Temporal Linguistic Variables - Joe Halliwell,Qiang Shen
Although Fuzzy Logic has been successfully applied in many different problem domains, fuzzy solutions typically structure the problem task as one of static catagorisation. This may not be appropriate for dynamic systems, especially where higher-order information is unavailable. This paper proposes a novel approach to reasoning about dynamic systems drawing upon the first-order approach to temporal logic. A brief overview of the classical theory is provided and extended to a fuzzy theory modelling the inherent vagueness of linguistic terms such as "recently". The notion of temporal qualification is developed as a domain independent method for augmenting the term set of...

188. The Use of Linguistic Preference Modelling Based on 2-Tuples and Heuristics Searches for Improving Enterprise Processes - F. Herrera; E. López; L. Martínez
The processes carried out in an enterprise involve imprecise and vague information. An adequated approach to model this type of information is the use of the fuzzy linguistic approach. Sometimes besides of the modelled in these processes it is neccesary to apply heuristics methods to x a good solution in their denition space. In this contribution we shall use a new linguistic model representation based on 2-tuple that improves the precision in the processes of computing with words. Combining it with dierent heuristics as Genetic algorithms and Ant algorithms it wiil be possible to obtain better solutions than using the...

189. The Origin of Linguistic Categories - Luc Steels
The paper presents cognitive mechanisms and behavioral rules by which a group of distributed autonomous agents may develop a joined shared repertoire of grammatical conventions. The grammar includes an emergent internal meta-level ontology which is exploited for tightening the grammatical constraints. To illustrate the latter, it is shown how a prototypical form for members of a syntactic category may gradually emerge, thus making it easier to guess to which syntactic category an unknown form belongs. 1 Introduction There is a growing body of work exploring the idea that language can be viewed as a complex adaptive system [8], [4]. The research explores formal models of language use in evolving inhomogeneous populations...

190. Cross-Linguistic Phoneme Correspondences - Lynne Cahill,Carole Tiberius
Cross-linguistic phoneme correspondences, or metaphonemes , can be defined across languages which are relatively closely related in exactly the same way as correspondences can be defined for dialects, or accents, of a single language (e.g. O'Connor, 1973; Fitt, 2001). In this paper we present the theory of metaphonemes, comparing them with traditional archi- and morphophonemes as well as with similar work using "keysymbols" done for accents of English. We describe the metaphoneme inventory defined for Dutch, English and German, comparing the results for vowels and consonants. We also describe some of the unexpected information that arose from the analysis of cognate forms we undertook to find the metaphoneme correspondences.

191. La dimensión pragmática de la Lingüística de texto - Sáiz Noeda, Belén
In this essay, I want to stress the relevance of Pragmatics to the evolution and consolidation of Text Linguistics from a comprehensive understanding of the text as a comunicative entity. The pragmatic dimension of Text Linguistics is essential and achieves its concreteness in the textual theories or models analyzed herein, all of which -especially those of Teun A. van Dijk and János S. Petofi- represent the most elaborate stage of Text Linguistics, namely due to the ultimate incorporation of the contextual (social and psycological) and communicative elements of language. Furthermore, it is through Pragmatics as an integration of both Syntax...

192. Um processo para a geração de recursos lingüísticos aplicáveis em ferramentas de auxílio à escrita científica. - Vanessa Silva Marquiafável
No ambiente acadêmico atual, a língua inglesa foi escolhida como a lingua franca daciência nas mais variadas áreas do conhecimento. No entanto, sabe-se que a tarefa deprodução de um texto científico adequado, no caso o artigo científico, não é fácil,principalmente se o escritor é iniciante nessa atividade e sua língua materna não é o inglês.Uma alternativa para esse problema é a utilização de ferramentas computacionais que apóiamas diferentes etapas do processo de escrita de um texto científico, cuja base seja formada pormaterial lingüístico autêntico coletado de artigos científicos publicados e indexados de formaa facilitar seu rápido acesso. Dentre essas ferramentas,...

193. linguistic agents - Natalia Komarova A; Partha Niyogi C
the mutual intelligibility of

194. Linguistic Diversity and the Digital Divide
The paper starts by discussing the phenomenon of linguistic diversity, going into some of the arguments for and against preserving diversity. We then briefly turn to the problem of the digital divide and its relations to linguistic diversity. This section is followed by a brief discussion of some of the means to preserve diversity, ending up with a discussion of the role of language technology and a suggestion for the development of "language technological survival kits" or "language survival kits".

195. On Group Decision Making Under Linguistic Preferences And Fuzzy Linguistic Quantifiers - Francisco Herrera,J. Luis Verdegay
In this paper some results on group decision making under linguistic preferences and fuzzy linguistic quantifiers are presented. Assuming a set of individual linguistic preferences - representing the preferences of the particular individuals- we develop a solution method for the choice process. We define a linguistic ordered weighted averaging operator, and use it for deriving a collective linguistic preference where the weights are defined using a fuzzy linguistic quantifier. Finally, we use de concept of nondominated alternatives for obtaning a set of maximal nondominated alternatives from the collective linguistic preference, that is, the solution to the decision process. Keywords: Group decision making, linguistic preferences, linguistic quantifiers. 1. Introduction Since human judgments including preferences are often vague, fuzzy logic plays...

196. On Group Decision Making Under Linguistic Preferences And Fuzzy Linguistic Quantifiers - Francisco Herrera,J. Luis Verdegay
In this paper some results on group decision making under linguistic preferences and fuzzy linguistic quantifiers are presented. Assuming a set of individual linguistic preferences - representing the preferences of the particular individuals- we develop a solution method for the choice process. We define a linguistic ordered weighted averaging operator, and use it for deriving a collective linguistic preference where the weights are defined using a fuzzy linguistic quantifier. Finally, we use de concept of nondominated alternatives for obtaning a set of maximal nondominated alternatives from the collective linguistic preference, that is, the solution to the decision process. Keywords: Group decision making, linguistic preferences, linguistic quantifiers. 1. Introduction Since human judgments including preferences are often vague, fuzzy logic plays...

197. On Group Decision Making Under Linguistic Preferences And Fuzzy Linguistic Quantifiers - Francisco Herrera,J. Luis Verdegay
In this paper some results on group decision making under linguistic preferences and fuzzy linguistic quantifiers are presented. Assuming a set of individual linguistic preferences - representing the preferences of the particular individuals- we develop a solution method for the choice process. We define a linguistic ordered weighted averaging operator, and use it for deriving a collective linguistic preference where the weights are defined using a fuzzy linguistic quantifier. Finally, we use de concept of nondominated alternatives for obtaning a set of maximal nondominated alternatives from the collective linguistic preference, that is, the solution to the decision process. Keywords: Group decision making, linguistic preferences, linguistic quantifiers. 1. Introduction Since human judgments including preferences are often vague, fuzzy logic plays...

198. On Group Decision Making Under Linguistic Preferences And Fuzzy Linguistic Quantifiers - Francisco Herrera,J. Luis Verdegay
In this paper some results on group decision making under linguistic preferences and fuzzy linguistic quantifiers are presented. Assuming a set of individual linguistic preferences - representing the preferences of the particular individuals- we develop a solution method for the choice process. We define a linguistic ordered weighted averaging operator, and use it for deriving a collective linguistic preference where the weights are defined using a fuzzy linguistic quantifier. Finally, we use de concept of nondominated alternatives for obtaning a set of maximal nondominated alternatives from the collective linguistic preference, that is, the solution to the decision process. Keywords: Group decision making, linguistic preferences, linguistic quantifiers. 1. Introduction Since human judgments including preferences are often vague, fuzzy logic plays...

199. The Impact of the Linguistic Phonics Approach on Children’s Reading, Writing & Spelling - Gray, Colette; Behan, Sarah; Dunbar, Carol; Dunn, Jill; Ferguson, James; Mitchell, Denise
This study sought to evaluate the impact of the Linguistic Phonics approach on primary pupils’ reading and writing performance and on post-primary pupils’ reading, writing and spelling performance. Quantitative (standardised psychometric tests, a writing frame and questionnaire surveys) and qualitative (one to one, small group interviews and focus group discussions) research tools were utilized in this study. Employing a quasi-experimental design, each of the six primary and five post-primary schools involved in the Linguistic Phonics pilot (LPA) was matched, using a range of socio-demographic indicators, with a school not using this approach (nLPA). In total 916 pupils from 22 schools participated in...

200. The Impact of the Linguistic Phonics Approach on Children’s Reading, Writing & Spelling - Gray, Colette; Behan, Sarah; Dunbar, Carol; Dunn, Jill; Ferguson, James; Mitchell, Denise
This study sought to evaluate the impact of the Linguistic Phonics approach on primary pupils’ reading and writing performance and on post-primary pupils’ reading, writing and spelling performance. Quantitative (standardised psychometric tests, a writing frame and questionnaire surveys) and qualitative (one to one, small group interviews and focus group discussions) research tools were utilized in this study. Employing a quasi-experimental design, each of the six primary and five post-primary schools involved in the Linguistic Phonics pilot (LPA) was matched, using a range of socio-demographic indicators, with a school not using this approach (nLPA). In total 916 pupils from 22 schools participated in...

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